MANANTHAVADY CO-OP URBAN SOCIETY LTD,WAYANAD vs. THE ITO WARD 2(5), CALICUT

We further notice that the question of co-operative bank vis-à-vis a co-operative society; for the purpose of the impugned deduction, further arose before their lordships in the Kerala State Cooperative Agricultural and Rural Development Bank (2023) 458 ITR 384 (SC) as well. The department therein was identical as in the “Mavilayi” case. We find that their lordships have taken note of all the relevant “14. We shall now analyse the aforesaid judgments in a common conspectus. 14.1 In Apex Co-operative Bank of Urban Bank of Maharashtra and Goa Ltd., (supra) it was categorically held that under section 56 of the BR Act, 1949 only three co-operative banks have been defined, namely, state co-operative bank, central co-operative bank and primary co- operative bank which are covered under section56(cci) read with (ccvii) read with the provisions of the NABARD Act, 1981. Thus, it is only these three banks which are co-operative banks which require a licence under the BR Act, 1949 to engage in banking business. If any bank does not fall within the nomenclature of the aforesaid three banks as defined under the NABARD Act, 1981, it would not be a co-operative bank within the meaning of section 56 of BR Act, 1949irrespective of whatever nomenclature it may have or structure it may possess or incorporated under any Act.It was further stated that if a bank has to be a state co-operative bank, there has to be a declaration made by the State Government in terms of section 2(u) of NABARD Act, 1981. Hence, it is necessary to go into the question as to, whether, the appellant herein has been so declared as a state co-operative bank. This question would need not detain us for long as the Kerala High Court in A.P. Varghese case (supra) had categorically stated that the "Kerala State Co-operative Bank" is a "state co-operative bank" as defined under the NABARD Act, 1981. Therefore, the appellant bank has not been declared as a state co-operative bank under the provisions of NABARD Act, 1981. Further, in the case of Mavilayi Service Co- operative Bank Ltd., case(supra) this Court observed that a co- operative bank would engage in banking business on obtaining a licence . Mananthavadi Co-op Urban Society Ltd. under section 22(1b) of the BR Act, 1949. In the instant case, the appellant herein is not a co-operative bank having regard to the aforesaid conspectus of the provisions so as to require a licence under the aforesaid provision for carrying on banking business. In the circumstances, the question could still arise as to whether the appellant herein is entitled to benefit of deduction under section 80P of the Act.

14.2 In Mavilayi Service Co-operative Bank Ltd., (supra) it has been observed that section 80P of the Act is a beneficial provision which was enacted in order to encourage and promote the growth of the co- operativ esector generally in the economic life of the country and therefore, has to be read liberally in favour of the assessee. That once the assessee is entitled to avail of deduction, the entire amount of profits and gains of business that are attributable to any one or more activities mentioned in sub-section (2) of section 80P must be given by way of deduction vide Citizen Co-operative Society Ltd. (supra). This is because sub-section (4) of section 80P is in the nature of a proviso to the main provision contained in sub-sections (1) and (2) of section80P. The proviso excludes co-operative banks, which are co-operative societies which must possess a licence from the Reserve Bank of India to do banking business. In other words, if an entity does not require a licenceto do banking business within the definition of banking under section 5(b) of the BR Act, 1949, then it would not fall within the scope of sub-section (4) of section 80P.

14.3 While analysing section 80P of the Act in depth, the following points were noted by this Court:(i) Firstly, the marginal note to section 80P which reads "Deduction in respect of income of co-operative societies" is significant as it indicates the general "drift" of the provision.(ii) Secondly, for purposes of eligibility for deduction, the . Mananthavadi Co-op Urban Society Ltd. assessee must be a "co-operative society".(iii) Thirdly, the gross total income must include income that is referred to in sub-section (2).(iv) Fourthly, sub-clause (2)(a)(i) speaks of a co-operative society being "engaged in", inter alia, carrying on the business of banking or providing credit facilities to its members.(v) Fifthly, the burden is on the assessee to show, by adducing facts, that it is entitled to claim the deduction under section 80P.(vi) Sixthly, the expression "providing credit facilities to its members" does not necessarily mean agricultural credit alone. It was highlighted that the distinction between eligibility for deduction and attributability of amount of profits and gains to an activity is a real one. Since profits and gains from credit facilities given to non-members cannot be said to be attributable to the activity of providing credit facilities to its members, such amount cannot be deducted.(vii) Seventhly, under section 80P(1)(c), the co-operative societies must be registered either under Co-operative Societies Act, 1912, or a State Act and may be engaged in activities which may be termed as residuary activities i.e. activities not covered by sub-clauses (a) and (b), either independently of or in addition to those activities, then profits and gains attributable to such activity are also liable tobe deducted, but subject to the cap specified in sub-clause (c).(viii) Eighthly, sub-clause (d) states that where interest or dividend income is derived by a co-operative society from investments with other co- operative societies, the whole of such income is eligible for deduction, the object of the provision being furtherance of the co-operative movement as a whole.

14.4 In paragraph 42 of Mavilayi Service Co-operative Bank Ltd.'s, (supra) this Court observed that the object and purpose of sub-section (4) of section 80P is to exclude only co-operative banks that function on par with other commercial banks i.e. which lend money to members of . Mananthavadi Co-op Urban Society Ltd. the public. That on a reading of section 3 read with section 56 of the BR Act, 1949, the primary co-operative bank cannot be a primary agricultural credit society. As such co-operative bank must be engaged in the business of banking as defined by section 5(b) of the BR Act, 1949, which means accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment, of deposits of money from the public. Also under section 22(1)(b) of the BR Act, 1949, no co-operative society can carry on banking business in India, unless it is a co-operative bank and holds a licence issued in that behalf by Reserve Bank of India. It was pointed out that as opposed to the above, a primary agricultural credit society is a co-operative society, the primary object of which is to provide financial accommodation to its members for agricultural purposes or for purposes connected with agricultural activities.

14.5 It was further observed in the said case that some primary agricultural credit societies had sought for banking licence from Reserve Bank of India but the same was turned down by observing that such a society was not carrying on the business of banking and that it did not come under the purview of Reserve Bank of India requiring a licence for its business.

14.6 Thereafter in paragraph 48 of the judgment, it was observed that a deduction that is given without any reference to any restriction or limitation cannot be restricted or limited by implication. That sub- section (4) of section 80P which is in the nature of a proviso specifically excludes co-operative banks which are co-operative societies engaged in banking business i.e. engaged in lending money to members of the public, which have a licence in this behalf from Reserve Bank of India.

. Mananthavadi Co-op Urban Society Ltd.

15.2 section 80P was inserted to the Act with effect from 1-4-1968, however, sub-section (4) was reinserted with effect from 1-4-2007, in the present form. Earlier sub-section (4) was omitted with effect from 1- 4-1970.Sub-section (4) of section 80P in the present form is in the nature of an exception which states that the provisions of section 80P shall apply in relation to any co-operative bank other than a primary agricultural credit society or a primary co-operative agricultural and rural development bank. The expressions co-operative bank and primary agricultural credit society as well as primary co-operative agricultural and rural development bank are defined in the Explanation . Mananthavadi Co-op Urban Society Ltd. as co-operative bank and primary agricultural credit society having the meanings respectively assigned to them in Part V of the BR Act, 1949.

15.3 The controversy in this case is, whether, the appellant entity is a co-operative bank and if so, it would be covered within the scope and meaning of sub-section (4) of section 80P and therefore, would not be eligible to the benefit of deduction as provided therein.

15.4 Having regard to the Explanation to sub-section (4) of section 80P, it is necessary to consider Chapter Vof the BR Act, 1949 which states that the said Act shall apply to co-operative societies subject to modifications made thereunder. section 56 begins with a non-obstante clause and states that notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, the provisions of the said Act shall apply to,or in relation to, co-operative societies as they apply to, or in relation to banking companies subject to the following modifications, namely,• in clause (a) throughout the said Act, unless the context otherwise requires,- (i) references to a "banking company" or "the company" or "such company" shall be construed as references to a co-operative bank.• in clause (c), it is stated that in section 5 as per clause (cci), "co- operative bank" means a state co-operative bank, a central co-operative bank and a primary co-operative bank.• clause (ccv) defines "primary co-operative bank" while clause (ccvii) defines "central co-operative bank" and "state co-operative bank" to have the meanings assigned to them in the NABARD Act,1981.

Since the expression 'banking company' is defined under the BR Act, 1949, it would be useful to consider the definition of banking company in section 5(c) thereof which means any company which transacts the business of banking in India. "Banking" is defined in section 5(b) of the said Act to mean the accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment, . Mananthavadi Co-op Urban Society Ltd. of deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise, and withdrawal by cheque, draft, order or otherwise. Therefore, a banking company must transact banking business vis-à-vis the public. Thus, in the first place a co-operative society must be engaged in banking business as defined in section 5(b) of the said Act. For that, section 22 of the BR Act,1949, speaks about licence to be obtained by a bank to do banking business which is modified as per clause (o) of section 56 thereof which states that no co-operative society shall carry on banking business sin India unless it is a co-operative bank and holds a licence issued in that behalf by the Reserve Bank, subject to such conditions, if any, as the Reserve Bank may deem fit to impose. Secondly, a co-operative society must obtain a licence under section 22 of the BR Act, 1949, only if it functions as a co-operative bank and not otherwise. Thus, a co-operative society including a co- operative credit society which is nota co-operative bank does not require a licence to function as such.

15.5 Further, section 2(d) of NABARD Act, 1981 defines central co- operative bank while section 2(u) defines a state co-operative bank to mean the principal co-operative society in a State, the primary object of which is financing of other co-operative societies in the State which means, it is in the nature of an apex co-operative bank having regard to the definition under section 56 of the BR Act, 1949, in relation to co- operative bank. The proviso states that in addition to such principal society in a State, or where there is no such principal society in a State, the State Government may declare any one or more co-operative societies carrying on business of banking in that State to be also or to be a state co-operative bank or state co-operative banks within the meaning of the definition. section 2(v) of NABARD Act, 1981 defines state land development bank to mean the co-operative society which is . Mananthavadi Co-op Urban Society Ltd. the principal land development bank (by whatever name called) in a State and which has as its primary object the providing of long-term finance for agricultural development.

15.6 section 2(w) states that words and expressions used in the NABARD Act, 1981 which are not defined therein but defined in the RBI Act, shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them in that Act. section2(x) of the said Act states that words and expressions used in the NABARD Act, 1981 and not defined either in the said Act or in the RBI Act, but defined in the BR Act, 1949, shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them in the BR Act, 1949. Therefore, we revert back to BR Act, 1949.

15.7 What is central to the controversy in this batch of cases is, whether, the appellant bank is a co-operative bank. What is of significance to know is, a state co-operative bank or central co-operative bank under the NABARD Act, 1981 is essentially a principal co-operative society either in a district or in a State, respectively, the primary object of which is the financing of other co-operative societies in the district or the State respectively. Further, NABARD Act, 1981 does not define banking business. Hence, reliance is to be placed, on the definition of banking business in terms of clause (w) of section 2 of NABARD Act, 1981 which means the RBI Act has to be seen. When the RBI Act is perused, it is noted that clause (i) of section 2 defines "co-operative bank", "co-operative credit society", "director", "primary agricultural credit society", "primary co-operative bank" and "primary credit society" to have the meanings respectively assigned to them in Part Vof the BR Act, 1949. Therefore, we have to again fall back on Part V of the BR Act, 1949 which has defined a co-operative bank in section 56 (c)(i)(cci) to be a state co-operative bank, a central co-operative bank and a primary co-operative bank and central co-operative bank and 15.8 Since the words 'bank' and 'banking company' are not defined in the NABARD Act, 1981, the definition in sub-clause (i) of clause (a) of section 56 of the BR Act, 1949 has to be relied upon. It states that a co- operative society in the context of a co-operative bank is in relation to or as a banking company. Thus, co-operative bank shall be construed as references to a banking company and when the definition of banking company in clause (c) of section 5 of the BR Act, 1949 is seen, it means any company which transacts the business of banking in India and as already noted banking business is defined in clause (b) of section 5 to mean the accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment, of deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise, and withdrawal by cheque, draft, order or otherwise. Thus, it is only when a co-operative society is conducting banking business in terms of the definition referred to above that it becomes a co-operative bank and in such a case, section 22 of the BR Act, 1949 would apply wherein it would require a licence to run a co-operative bank. In other words, if a co-operative society is not conducting the business of banking as defined in clause (b) of section 5 of the BR Act, 1949, it would not be a co-operative bank and not so within the meanings of a state co- operative bank, a central co-operative bank or a primary co-operative bank in terms of section 56(c)(i)(cci). Whereas a co-operative bank is in the nature of a banking company which transacts the business of banking as defined in clause (b) of section 5 of the BR Act, 1949. But if a co-operative society does not transact the business of banking as defined in clause (b) of section 5 of the BR Act,1949, it would not be a co-operative bank. Then the definitions under the NABARD Act, 1981 would not apply. If a co-operative society is not a co-operative bank, . Mananthavadi Co-op Urban Society Ltd. then such an entity would be entitled to deduction but on the other hand, if it is a co-operative bank within the meaning of section 56 of BR Act, 1949 read with the provisions of NABARD Act, 1981 then it would not be entitled to the benefit of deduction under sub-section (4) of section 80P of the Act.

15.9 section 56 of the BR Act, 1949 begins with a non-obstante clause which states that notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, the provisions of the said Act, shall apply to, or in relation to, co-operative societies as they apply to, or in relation to, banking companies subject to certain modifications. The object of section 56 is to provide a deeming fiction by equating a co-operative society to a banking company if it is a co-operative bank within the meaning of the said provision. This is because Chapter V of the BR Act, 1949, deals with application of the Chapter to co-operative societies which are co-operative banks within the meaning of the said chapter. For the purpose of these cases, what is relevant is that through out the BR Act, 1949, unless the context otherwise requires, - references to a "banking company" or" the company" or "such company" shall be construed as references to a co-operative bank. Therefore, while considering the meaning of a co-operative bank inherently, such a co- operative society must be a banking company then only it would be construed as a co-operative bank requiring a licence under section 22 of BR Act, 1949 in order to function as such a bank.

15.10 Further, while considering the definition of a co-operative bank under section 56(cci) of the BR Act,1949, to mean a state co-operative bank, a central co-operative bank and a primary co-operative bank which is defined in (ccviii) thereof, to have meanings respectively assigned to them in the NABARD Act, 1981 would imply that if a state co-operative bank is within the meaning of NABARD Act, 1981 then it . Mananthavadi Co-op Urban Society Ltd. would be excluded from the benefit under section 80P of the Act. Conversely, if a co-operative society is not a co-operative bank within the meaning of section 56 of the BR Act, 1949, it would be entitled to the benefit of deduction under section 80P of the Act. 15.11 Looked at from another angle, a co-operative society which is not a state co-operative bank within the meaning of NABARD Act, 1981 would not be a co-operative bank within the meaning of section 56 of the BR Act, 1949. In the instant case, as already noted in A.P. Varghese case (supra), the Kerala State Co-operative Bank being declared as a state co-operative bank by the Kerala State Government in terms of NABARD Act, 1981 and the appellant society not being so declared, would imply that the appellant society is not a state co-operative bank.

15.12 In fact, in Citizen Co-operative Society Ltd., (supra) this Court held that the appellant therein was having both members as well as nominal members who were depositing and availing loan facilities from the appellant therein and therefore, appellant therein was not entitled to the benefit of section 80P of the Act as it was functioning as a co- operative bank. But, the appellant herein is not a co-operative bank and neither has it been so declared under the provisions of NABARD Act, 1981 or the State Act. On the other hand, under the provisions of State Act, 1969, the Kerala State Co-operative Bank has been so declared by the Government of Kerala as a co-operative bank.

15.13 Further, under the provisions of the State Act, 1984, 'agricultural and rural development bank' means the Kerala Co-operative Central Land Mortgage Bank Limited, registered under section 10 of the Travancore-Cochin Co-operative Societies Act, 1951, which shall be known as Kerala State Co-operative Agricultural and Rural Development Bank Limited i.e. the appellant herein. Thus, from a . Mananthavadi Co-op Urban Society Ltd. conjoint reading of all the relevant statutory as alluded to hereinabove, it is quite clear that the appellant is not a co-operative bank within the meaning of sub-section (4) of section 80P of the Act. The appellant is a co-operative credit society under section 80P(2)(a)(i) of the Act whose primary object is to provide financial accommodation to its members who are all other co-operative societies and not members of the public. 15.14 Therefore, when the definition of "co-operative bank" in section 56 of BR Act, 1949 is viewed in terms of sections 2(u) of the NABARD Act, 1981, it is clear that only a state co-operative bank would be within the scope and meaning of a banking company under section 2(c) of the BR Act, 1949 on obtaining licence under section 22 of the said Act.

Conclusion: In the instant case, although the appellant society is an apex co- operative society within the meaning of the State Act, 1984, it is not a co-operative bank within the meaning of section 5(b) read with section 56 of the BR Act, 1949. In the result, the appeals filed by the appellant are allowed and the order(s) of the Kerala High Court and other authorities to the contrary are set aside. Consequently, we hold that the appellant is entitled to the benefit of deduction under section 80P of the Act. The questions for consideration are answered accordingly. Parties to bear their respective costs.”