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Facts
The Revenue appealed against the CIT(A)'s order which held that payments made by the assessee (Deloitte entities) to Deloitte Global Holdings Services Limited (UK) for Global Brand, Global Communications, and Global Technology/Knowledge Management services were not "royalty" under Article 13(3) of the India-UK DTAA, and therefore not subject to TDS under Section 195 of the Income Tax Act. The Assessing Officer had earlier deemed these payments as royalty based on previous AAR decisions.
Held
The Tribunal upheld the CIT(A)'s decision, concluding that the payments were for facilitative and coordinative services or for the use of copyrighted articles for internal business purposes, not for the transfer of intellectual property rights, confidential know-how, or imparting specialized commercial/scientific experience. Thus, these payments do not constitute "royalty" under Article 13(3) of the India-UK DTAA, and no TDS obligation arises. The Tribunal relied on precedents from the Supreme Court and Delhi High Court which had reversed earlier AAR rulings on similar issues.
Key Issues
Whether payments for global brand, communications, and technology/knowledge management services constitute 'royalty' under Article 13(3) of the India-UK DTAA, triggering TDS under Section 195 of the Income Tax Act.
Sections Cited
195, 143(3), 9(1)(vi), 14, Article 13(3)
AI-generated summary — verify with the full judgment below
Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, ‘I’ BENCH
Before: SHRI AMIT SHUKLA & SHRI GIRISH AGRAWAL
आदेश / O R D E R PER AMIT SHUKLA (J.M): These appeals have been filed by the Revenue against the consolidated order dated 04.04.2025 passed by the learned Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals)–56, Mumbai, arising out of proceedings under section 195 of the Income- tax Act, 1961 for the assessment years 2020–21 and 2021–22 and under section 143(3) for the assessment year 2015–16. Since the issues involved in all these appeals are identical, emanate from the same set of facts, arise out of the same Shared Services Agreement, and are founded on an identical line of reasoning adopted by the Assessing Officer, they were heard together and are being disposed of by this consolidated order for the sake of convenience and judicial economy.
The common grievance raised by the Revenue, in substance, is that the learned Commissioner (Appeals) erred in holding that the payments made by the assessee to Deloitte Global Holdings Services Limited towards Global Brand, Global Communications and Global Technology / Knowledge Management do not constitute “royalty” within the meaning of Article 13(3) of the India–UK Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement, and consequently in holding that no tax was required to be deducted at source under section 195 of the Act. The Revenue has further assailed the direction of the learned Commissioner (Appeals) to grant refund of taxes paid pursuant to the order under section 195(2), contending that appeals against similar orders for earlier years are pending.
3. At the very outset of the hearing, it was fairly admitted by both sides that the controversy involved in the present appeals stands squarely covered by a series of decisions rendered by this Tribunal in the assessee’s own case as well as in the cases of its group concerns, beginning from assessment year 2018–19 onwards, wherein identical payments made under the same Shared Services Agreement and examined on the same factual and legal parameters have been held not to be in the nature of royalty under the India– UK DTAA. The learned counsel for the assessee placed before us a compilation of such orders, and it was not disputed by the learned Departmental Representative that the facts in the present years are materially indistinguishable.
For the sake of convenience, we take up the appeal relating to assessment year 2020–21 as the lead case, and our findings recorded herein shall apply mutatis mutandis to the other assessment years under consideration.
The assessee is a limited liability partnership firm engaged in rendering professional services to large domestic and multinational clients and forms part of the global Deloitte network. In the course of its business, the assessee makes payments to Deloitte Global Holdings Services Limited, a company incorporated in the United Kingdom, under a Shared Services Agreement. The said global entity functions as a central coordinating body within the Deloitte network, with the stated objective of promoting international alignment, cooperation, cohesion and maintenance of uniform professional standards across member firms. It is an undisputed position on record that Deloitte Global Holdings Services Limited does not render services to third-party clients, does not undertake independent commercial activities, and operates on a cost-sharing, break-even basis, recovering from member firms only the proportionate expenses incurred in furtherance of common objectives, without any mark-up.
During the relevant years, the assessee made an application under section 195(2) seeking authorization for remittance of amounts to Deloitte Global Holdings Services Limited without deduction of tax at source. The Assessing Officer, while disposing of the application, held that payments relatable to three categories of services, namely Global Brand, Global Communications and Global Technology / Knowledge Management, were in the nature of royalty, and accordingly directed deduction of tax at a proportionate rate. The learned Commissioner (Appeals), however, following the decisions of this Tribunal in the assessee’s own case for earlier years, held that the said payments did not fall within the scope of royalty under Article 13(3) of the India–UK DTAA and granted consequential relief.
We have carefully considered the rival submissions, perused the orders of the authorities below, and examined the material placed on record. We find that the precise issue which arises for our consideration is whether the payments made by the assessee under the aforesaid three heads can be characterised as consideration for the use of, or the right to use, any copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property, or as consideration for imparting information concerning industrial, commercial or scientific experience, so as to fall within the definition of “royalty” under Article 13(3) of the India–UK DTAA.
This very issue has been examined in great detail by coordinate benches of this Tribunal in the assessee’s own case for assessment years 2018–19, 2019–20 and 2020–21, as well as in the cases of other Deloitte entities operating under the same global framework. The Tribunal, after an exhaustive analysis of the Shared Services Agreement, the nature of services rendered, and the applicable treaty provisions, has consistently held that such payments do not partake the character of royalty. For the sake of completeness and doctrinal continuity, the relevant portion of the Tribunal’s order in the assessee’s own case, containing the detailed factual narration and legal reasoning, is required to be incorporated here verbatim in the final order, and space for the same is consciously being left at this juncture.
The facts in brief and the background qua the issue involved are that the appellants, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu India LLP (“DTTI”) and Deloitte Haskins & Sells LLP (“DHS”) are limited liability partnership firms rendering professional services to large domestic as well as multinational corporations and are part of Deloitte network worldwide. DTTL, also known as “Global Network” of various member firms, is incorporated in, and a tax resident of, the United Kingdom and it do not per se carry out any income earning activity and has no stream of income. It has been stated before us that, Deloitte Global Holding Services Ltd. ("Holdings") is a company limited by guarantee organized and existing under the laws of England and Wales. Deloitte Global Holdings is a special purpose vehicle created by Global Network to facilitate the attainment of objectives, inter alia, to further international alignment, cooperation, cohesion and professional standards of the highest quality among its Member Firms (such as DTTI). Deloitte Global Holdings performs various activities for the common benefit of its members. Articles of Association of Deloitte Global Holdings do not permit it to perform any services for third party clients. As per Article 15 of the Articles of Association, Holdings is not permitted to distribute dividends or any other amounts to its members except on winding up in proportion of their contributions. While there may be a surplus/ deficit in a particular year due to over/under recovery of expenses, Holdings is intended to break-even over time. Deloitte Global Holdings incurs expenses in the course of carrying out the above activities for the benefit of all members, which are recovered from members without any mark-up. The terms on which the activities are carried out by Holdings and expenses are recovered by it from its members are embodied in an agreement named as "Shared Services Agreement" entered into by the member firms with Holdings vide agreement dated 1 August 2011 between DTTI and Holdings. The relevant recitals to the agreement (copy appearing at page 521 of the paper book) state that: DTTI is a member of Holdings and DTTL whose purpose is, among other things, to further international alignment, cooperation, cohesion and professional standards of the highest quality among its Member Firms and their Affiliates.
Deloitte Services has been established with a view to facilitating fulfilment of those purposes and Deloitte Services intends to provide certain services to its members (including Holdings). Holdings has also been established with a view to facilitating fulfilment of those purposes and Holdings intends to receive certain Services from Deloitte Services and supply the same to its Holding Members (including DTTI). Under para 2.A.2 parties acknowledge that Holdings does not have capacity to provide such services and shall, instead, outsource these services to Deloitte Services. Deloitte Services shall make available such services to Holding Members (DTTI). Para 3.C states that the parties acknowledge that Holdings will generally be run on a break-even basis. 3.1. The services provided under the Shared Service Agreement are enumerated at pages 540 to 543 of the paper book. In short, these are: 1. Global AERS; Global FAS; Global Tax; Global Consulting 2. Global Clients, Global Services and Related Programs 3. Global Strategy; Research; Monitoring 4. Global Brand 5. Global Communications 6. Global Talent/Human Resources 7. Global Technology / Knowledge Management 8. Global Risk Management and Regulations 9. Global Office of General Counsel 10. Global Finance; Procurement 11. Global Corporate Responsibility 4. In continuance with the earlier years, the appellants had made application for issuance of certificate under Section 195(2) for remittance of amounts under the “Shared Services Agreement” to Holdings without deduction of tax at source. It has been brought on record before us that, the respective Assessing Officer have issued certificates for financial year 2012-13 onwards till 2016-17 authorising the remittance of amounts similar to those which has been sought to be remitted in the current year without deduction of tax at source. The copies of these orders and the certificates have been placed in the paper book before us at pages 544 to 548. However, the Assessing Officer while deciding the application filed by the appellants for the Assessment Years 2018-19 and 2019-20 held that payments to the extent they were relatable to, (1) Global brand; (2) Global Communications; and (3) Global Technology/Knowledge Management, were in the nature of royalties, being payments for use of computer software/literary work. Assessing Officer relied on the following decisions in support of his view and, in particular, AO has heavily relied on the decision of the AAR in the case of EY Global Services Ltd. AAR No. 1043 of 2011. ⚫ CIT vs Synopsis International Old Ltd (2012) 28 taxmann.com 162 (Kar) ⚫ Shell India Markets (P) Ltd. In re (AAR) (342 ITR 223) ⚫ Gartner Ireland Ltd. (37 taxmann.com 16) (Mum ITAT) ⚫ CIT v. Wipro Ltd. (203 taxman 621/16 taxmann.com 275) (Kar) ⚫ TNT Express Worldwide (UK) Ltd. (70 taxmann.com 129) (Bang. ITAT) Accordingly, Assessing Officer (for instance in appeal of 2019 for A.Y. 2018-19) held that the payments were liable for deduction of tax at source and worked out the withholding tax liability by applying a proportion of 3/10 to the total remittance of Rs. 95,49,00,000/-, since 3 out of 10 services were held by him to be in the nature of royalty. Accordingly, the Assessing Officer authorised the remittances after deduction of tax @ 3% on the overall remittances made by appellants to Holdings.
5. The ld. CIT (A) upheld the action of the Assessing Officer on the conclusion that the payments were in the nature of Royalty by holding that the payments were made for information concerning commercial experience in terms of Article 13(3) of the India-UK DTAA. The relevant observations of the ld. CIT (A) are as under :
1. “12. Comparing Article 11(3) of Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement with the detailed breakup reproduced above form basis for decision. Article 11(3) has several parts and we have to focus whether the payment is for information concerned commercial experience [later part of Article 11(3)(a)] or right to use, any copyright of a literary, artistic or scientific work [initial part of Article 11(3)(a)]. A plain reading of the break up of each expenses, worst come worst, vis-a-vis multiple aspects in Article 11(3) of Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement, leads to the fact that the payment is for information concerned commercial experience.” 5.i Thereafter, the ld. CIT(A) after incorporating the submissions made by the assessee about the nature of payments made for the global brand, global communication and global technology and knowledge management observed and held as under : “.........The decision can be on basis of description provided in the agreement between appellant and Deloitte Global Services Holding Ltd. The appellant submitted that the payment is not for right to use any copyright of literary, artistic or scientific work. The submission of the appellant is not explicit on whether the payment is for information on commercial experience under Article 11(3)(a). It is stated to be for internal purpose and not for commercial exploration. Aspect regarding Article 11(3)(b) is not relevant in the context of this case. Reading the submission of appellant along with the details available in the agreement, I find that each of the items falls within information on commercial experience and hence Article 11(3)(a) applies.
18. The shared Services Agreement is a standard business agreement. I had gone through clause 4 (Historical Services : Fees) and 5 (Service terms : Service Schedule; Revision; Notices) and 8 (Ownership and Licensing of Intellectual Property and Trademarks). The payment is undoubtedly for services. Para 8A reads as under : A. Firm and Holdings acknowledge that all Services Firms will be parties to a Shared Services Agreement pursuant to which they will receive, directly or indirectly, Services from Deloitte Services. Clause 5A also talks about providing services and clause 4 also deals with fees related to services. In clause 4, it is seen that the aspect of subsequent recovery is mentioned. Even considering this, as such the payment is for services rendered.
19. In view of preceding discussion, I hold that the payment indeed is royalty within meaning of article 13(3) of India-UK Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement, as per discussion above. Hence grounds 21 to 28 are dismissed.
20. Having held that the sum is royalty, aspects regarding mutuality (grounds 7 to 17) and reimbursements of expenses has turned irrelevant. Hence corresponding grounds are not needed to be adjudicated. However regarding these, a discussion is made in paragraphs 21 to 23.
21. The point emphasized by appellant is that the arrangement is non-profit making exercise, reimbursement of common expenses and hence mutuality applies. Effectively it is claimed to be reimbursement of expenses. According to appellant, the expense is for specified purpose matches income is in pre- determined manner and there is no surplus to be taxed. This argument is valid if attempt is to tax the same as business profit, which is never the focus of this discussion.
Let us consider the receipt of Royalty income in accordance with provisions of Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement. Under Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement, income is not determined, but tax is determined as a fixed per cent of gross receipt. Irrespective whether there is profit or loss and whatever be its extent, tax is determined at a fixed rate. This is the manner in which receipt suffers tax in hands of recipient and extent and nature of expense does not count. Hence the aspect of mutuality and reimbursement of expenses are not relevant.” 6. Before us, the learned senior counsel, Shri Percy Pardiwala, after referring to various clauses of Shared Services Agreement and the background of the case submitted that the amounts in question cannot be regarded as payment for the use of copyright of literary work (computer software) as held by the Assessing Officer. In fact, it is purely for providing common policies, guidance relating to brand, communications and other aspects and collaboration with other member firms cannot be considered as use of or right to use any copyright of literary, artistic or scientific work. Payments for use of Global Technology/ Knowledge Management cannot be regarded as provision of copyright in computer software or any literary work as no right to use copyright is given by Holdings to the appellants. He further pointed out that before the Assessing Officer it was explained in detail vide letter dated 08.01.2018 as to how the payments cannot be regarded as Royalty, however, the Assessing Officer has simply referred to certain decisions (cited supra) and held them to be in the nature of Royalty.
7. Mr. Percy Pardiwala submitted that now the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of Engineering Analysis Centre of Excellence (P) Ltd. vs CIT, 432 ITR 471 has reversed the view taken in the various decisions which have been relied upon by the Assessing Officer in coming to the contention that the payments were in the nature of Royalty. He further submitted that the Assessing Officer has heavily relied upon decision of the AAR in the case of EY Global Services Ltd., which was heavily relied upon by the AO in coming to the conclusion that the payments are made for use of copyright, has been reversed by the Hon'ble Delhi High Court in EY Global Services Ltd. vs. ACIT, 441 ITR 54 following the decision in Engineering Analysis (supra). The decision of the Hon'ble Delhi High Court has thereafter been followed by the Hon'ble ITAT, Delhi Bench in to 7020/Del/2019 in the case of EY Global Services Ltd. vs. ACIT.
8. Mr. Percy Pardiwala further submitted that the payments in question, for rendering the services categorized as Global Brand, Global Communications and Global Technology and Knowledge Management cannot be regarded as payments for use of information concerning commercial experience as held by the ld. CIT(A). As can be seen from the Shared Service Agreement, Holdings does not have any dealings with third parties or clients but it only performs various activities for the benefit of its members. The guidance provided by Holdings to its members is for internal use by the member firms. It is essentially an agreement for rendering services within the Deloitte network. Therefore, the payment for such services cannot be considered as payments for use of information concerning commercial experience. No intellectual property is transferred by Holdings to the appellants. Moreover, provision of services cannot be regarded as provision of information concerning commercial experience. The information utilised/provided in the course of rendering these services is not of confidential or secret in nature but is published information available in public domain. Therefore, such a payment cannot be regarded as consideration for imparting of any information concerning commercial or knowledge, experience or skill as contemplated in the definition of royalty as contained in clause (iv) of Explanation 2 to section 9(1)(vi) or under article 11(3)(a) of the India-UK tax treaty. In support of his contention, he relied upon the following decisions : “a. CIT vs. HEG Ltd. 263 ITR 230 (MP). In this case, the assessee had paid certain amounts to a USA company for purchase of some information. The transaction was held by the AO to involve imparting of information concerning technical, industrial, commercial or scientific knowledge, experience or skill and, therefore, the payment was held to be royalty. The Tribunal held that there was nothing secret or confidential in the booklet which was supplied to the assessee in the form of information for the benefit of the assessee and that the correspondence between the assessee and the firm was only information in the form of collection of data on the subject available in the market and, therefore, the payment was not in the nature of royalty. The High Court held that any information cannot earn the status of royalty and that to have the status of royalty, the information must have some special feature. Some sort of expertise or skill is required. The matter was ultimately remitted to the Tribunal for carrying out factual verification as to whether the information in question was available in public domain. It is submitted that in the present case there is no imparting of information at all, only services are rendered and, in any event, there is no imparting of any confidential data or information. Therefore, the payments cannot be regarded as royalty. b. Marck Biosciences Ltd. vs. ITO 164 ITD 205 (Ahd) The assessee made payments to a US company on account of professional fee for global biopharmaceutical strategic counselling and advisory services rendered by this entity. The AO took the view that the services were covered by the definition of royalty since rendition of services by the US entity amounted to parting with the "information concerning industrial, commercial and scientific experience" gained by the US entity over a period of time. The Tribunal held that the services included (a) business promotion (b) marketing (c) publicity and (d) financial advisory, which were termed as 'Strategic and Financial Counselling Services'. Therefore, it was held that the payments were for rendition of these services and not for use of any information concerning industrial, commercial or scientific experience. It is submitted that in the present case also the payments are made for the services rendered by Holdings / Deloitte Services and, therefore, they cannot be regarded as consideration for imparting any information concerning industrial, commercial or scientific experience. c. Factset Research Systems Inc. In re 317 ITR 169 (AAR) The Applicant maintained a database which was located outside India and which contained financial and economic information including fundamental data of a large number of companies worldwide. The said information was made available to customers on a subscription basis. The question arose whether such a payment could be regarded as payment for information concerning industrial, commercial or scientific experience. In para 11 of the ruling, while dealing with this issue, AAR held that the clause does not contemplate merely imparting information on technical, industrial or commercial matters. The requirement is imparting of information concerning technical, commercial or scientific knowledge, experience or skill. The information which the licensee got through the database did not relate to the underlying experience or skill which contributed to the end-product. The applicant did not share its experience, techniques or methodology employed in evolving the database with the subscribers. The information shared was published information which was already available in public domain and not something which was exclusively available to the applicant. The present case stands on a much stronger footing since there is no information being shared but on the contrary services are being provided. In any event, any information shared with members in the course of rendering services is also published information available in public domain.”
1. Thus, he submitted that the payments in question do not constitute Royalty and are even otherwise not chargeable to tax. His second limb of argument was that once for a similar nature of payment, certificate has been issued for non- deduction of tax in the earlier years by the Assessing Officer, then, in this year no different view can be taken in view of the principles of consistency, which ought to have been applied since there was no change in facts or in law.
9. Another contention raised by him is that Holdings is a mutual concern inasmuch as there is complete identity between its participants and contributors. Holdings do not have any dealings with third party clients but wholly deals with member firms. Its activities are wholly performed for the benefit of member firms. Costs incurred in the course of performance of such activities are recovered from member firms by way of contributions without any mark-up. It operates on a break-even basis. Therefore, it must be regarded as a mutual concern. Accordingly, the payments made by the appellants to Holdings would not constitute its income. Consequently, there would be no requirement of deduction of tax at source there from. Payments made by M/s Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Delhi to DTT under an arrangement which is similar to the one with which the present appeals are concerned have been held to be covered by the principles of mutuality in and connected appeals for the assessment years 2008-09 to 2011-12 by the Hon'ble ITAT, Delhi.
10. Lastly, he submitted that the payments are in the nature of reimbursements since Holdings operates on a break-even basis. The costs incurred by it in the course performing activities for the benefit of members are recovered from its members without any mark-up. In a particular year, there may be a surplus or deficit on account of over/under recovery but over time, it is intended to break-even. Therefore, the payments made by the appellants to Holdings being in the nature of reimbursements cannot be regarded as income.
11. On the other hand, the ld. Department Representative strongly relied upon the order of the Assessing Officer and ld. CIT(A). He submitted that, in fact, the payments in question are for information concerning commercial experience.
We have heard the rival submissions and also perused the relevant findings given in the impugned orders as well as the material referred to before us. As discussed above, the sole issue which permeates in all the appeals is, whether the appellants were liable to deduct tax at source under Section 195 of the Act on the payments made to Holdings by treating it to be Royalty under Article 13(3) of the India-UK DTAA. As noted above, Deolitte Global Holdings has been incorporated by DTTI to facilitate attainment of various objectives to further international alignment, co-operation, cohesion and professional standards of highest quality amongst its member firms, such as the appellants herein. It incurs expenses for the above activities for the benefit of all the members which are then recovered from the members without any mark-up. 12.1 The terms on which the activities are carried out by Holdings and the expenses recovered by it from the members have been enshrined in the “Shared Services Agreement”. Though there are many services which have been enumerated in the said “Shared Services Agreement”, however, the dispute is with regard to the payments made under the head global brand, global communication and global technology/knowledge management.
13. Now we have to analyse the scope of terms in light of the definition of „Royalty‟ as provided in the India- UK DTAA, which is enshrined in Article 13(3), which reads as under :- “3. For the purposes of this Article, the term “royalties” means: (a) Payments of any kind received as a consideration for the use of, or the right to use, any copyright of a literary, artistic or scientific work, including cinematography films or work on films, tape or other means of reproduction for use in connection with radio or television broadcasting, any patent, trade mark, design or model, plan, secret formula or process, or for information concerning industrial, commercial or scientific experience; and (b) Payments of any kind received as consideration for the use of, or the right to use, any industrial, commercial or scientific equipment, other than income derived by an enterprise of a Contracting State from the operation of ships or aircraft in international traffic.”
14. The scope of services and the terms under these heads needs to be analysed as per the definition and scope of Article 13(3), whether these services fall within the definition of Royalty. Our discussion and analysis are as under: Global Brand Design and implement global brand strategy for use by the Deloitte Network. Provide Member Firms with common tools, training, and policies related to the Deloitte brand. Collaborate with DTT and Member Firm leadership, industries, functions and specialty groups on brand promotion and eminence building. Global Communications Develop and distribute internal and external communications, publications and reports for DTT. Lead, manage, and support global public relations, thought leadership initiatives, strategic projects, events, and marketing activities. Promote an alignment of Member Firm communications goals and strategies. Provide strategic guidance, content, editorial services, and best practices for globally managed websites and related online vehicles. Provide communications support to DTT and its functions. Global Technology/Knowledge Management Acquire, develop, manage, operate and distribute information technology products and services that service the Deloitte Network. Develop and maintain certain worldwide databases, networks and systems, and internal and external websites, that service the Deloitte Network. Establish projects to develop global knowledge and develop or facilitate the development of methodology and techniques which further enhance the knowledge sharing capacity of Member Firms. Provide certain technology related security advice and services to the Deloitte Network. Promote common technology standards and platforms across the Deloitte Network and administer and monitor the same.
As regards payment for items of global brands, it has been stated that Holdings assists in implementing brand strategy for use of network of Deloitte members and also provides member firms with common training, policies and guidance related to the brands. Further, it will work together with all the member firms leadership, industries, functions on promoting brand addition eminence building. It has been stated to be more of guidance and advisory and not providing any intellectual property. Thus, providing common policies or guidance relating to the brand and collaborating with member firms ostensibly cannot be reckoned as use of or right to use any copyright of literary, artistic or scientific work. Holdings only perform various activities for its members and its guidance is only for internal use by the member firms. Hence, in our view payment for such services cannot be considered for information concerning industrial, scientific or commercial experience. Again, there is no transfer of intellectual property by Holdings to the appellants and also there cannot be a case of giving industrial, commercial or scientific equipment. Thus, the payments made for global brand cannot be treated as in the nature of Royalty as per Article 13(3) of India-UK DTAA. Another important thing is that the payment is also not for any use of trademark/patent provided by Holdings.
16. Insofar as payments for global activities given in Global Communication, Holdings distributes the publications and reports for DTTI and support global public relations, thought leadership initiatives, events, guidance, common standards, guidelines, organising internal events, etc so that there is alignment of all the member firms for internal and external communication. It gives guidance about the media communication, distribution of newsletter, external and internal distribution. From a bare perusal of aforesaid activities, it cannot be held that it is for use of or right to use of any copyright of literary, artistic or scientific work or for any other terms given in Article 13(3). Further, it also cannot be held for information concerning industrial or scientific experience and/or for commercial experience because the basic underlying fact is that it is purely for internal use of member firms and not for any third party or any client. Thus, these activities cannot be reckoned for providing industrial, commercial or scientific equipment to the appellants and, therefore, outside the nature and scope of Royalty as defined in Article 13(3) of the India-UK DTAA.
Lastly, as regards the services mentioned in global technology/global management, from the bare perusal of the same it cannot be said to be for use of or right to use any copyright or any literary, artistic or scientific work or any transfer of intellectual property rights. The above service is purely for internal purpose and not for any commercial exploitation, nor any scientific equipment is given to the appellants by Holdings. Global network acquires certain technology products from vendors and provides them to the member firms and also provides security advice to all the member firms for which it also develops certain database, systems and websites that is used by all the members of the network. The software acquired by the network and distributed to the members does not include payment for use of or right to use computer software as it has merely obtained a licenced product from vendors for use of member firms. The licensee was allowed to use the software only for its own business purpose and is not permitted to transfer copy of the software and as such there is no transfer of any right in respect of copyright by the vendors and it is a case of mere transfer of copyrighted article. Thus, the payments made for the activities/services under the aforesaid three heads cannot be held to be in the nature of Royalty as per the definition given in Article 13(3) of the India-UK DTAA and, accordingly, the payments made by the appellants to Holdings cannot be held to be Royalty.
Before us, the judgment of Hon'ble Delhi High Court in the case of EY Global Services Ltd. v. ACIT, 441 ITR 54 (Del.) has been relied upon, wherein on the issue of whether EY Global Services Ltd., which was a Limited Liability Company engaged in providing technology and other support services and software licences to member firms of EY Network in various countries all over the world and all the member firms using the brand Ernst & Young (E&Y) had entered into contract with various third party vendors for procurement of software to be used by member firms. There also, the services which was rendered by Ernst & Young UK and the Memorandum of Understanding executed between itself and EYGBS India were as under : “4. The specific services mentioned in the services schedule annexed to the MOU, which are rendered by the Applicant under the service agreement and the Memorandum of Understanding between the Applicant and EYGBS India are as follows:
1. 1. Common standards and policies 1.1Assisting in the development of Common Standards and Policies, including accounting policies, practices, principles and procedures. 1.2When considered appropriate by EYG Services, providing practice manuals and other reference materials and otherwise assisting in the adoption and consistent application of Common Standards and Policies.
2. IT Services 2.1Promoting the adoption, maintenance and development of high quality, common information technology and communication systems by Member Firms and providing advice and assistance in connection with the systems of Member Firms including where considered appropriate, developing or assisting in the development of such systems or any part of them. 2.2. Procuring for the Member Firms external software licences for their internal business use. 2.3. Coordinating and promoting a globally consistence policy with regard to technology infrastructure with the objective of delivering economies of scale for the Member Firms and avoiding duplicative systems or structures across the network.
3. Knowledge 3.1Promoting and establishing global websites (both internet and intranet), establishing projects to capture and disseminate global knowledge and developing or facilitating the development of methodology and techniques which further enhance the knowledge sharing capacity of Member Firms.” The Authority for Advance Ruling held the consideration received in respect of computer software deliverables as Royalty. The Hon'ble Delhi High Court, following the ratio of the principles laid down in the judgment of Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of Engineering Analysis Centre of Excellence (P) Ltd. (supra) observed and held as under :- “13. A reading of the above judgment would clearly show that for the payment received by EYGSL (UK) from EYGBS (India) to be taxed as “royalty”, it is essential to show a transfer of copyright in the software to do any of the acts mentioned in Section 14 of the Copyright Act, 1957. A licence conferring no proprietary interest on the licencee, does not entail parting with the copyright. Where the core of a transaction is to authorise the end-user to have access to and make use of the licenced software over which the licencee has no exclusive rights, no copyright is parted with and therefore, the payment received cannot be termed as “royalty”.
14. In the present case, the EYGBS (India), in terms of the Service Agreement and the MOU, merely receives the right to use the software procured by the EYGSL (UK) from third-party vendors. The consideration paid for the use of the same therefore, cannot be termed as “royalty” as held by the Supreme Court in Engineering Analysis Centre (supra). In determining the same, the rights acquired by the EYGSL (UK) from the third-party software vendors are not relevant. What is relevant is the Agreement between the EYGSL (UK) and the EYGBS (India). As the same does not create any right to transfer the copyright in the software, the same would not fall within the ambit of the term “royalty” as held by the Supreme Court in Engineering Analysis Centre (supra).
15. We may also note that the learned AAR in its Impugned Order has relied upon its earlier view in Citrix Systems Asia Pacific Pty Ltd., In Re., (2012) 343 ITR 1 (AAR), which has been expressly stated to be bad law in Engineering Analysis Centre (supra).”
Further, the Delhi Bench of Tribunal in the case of EY Global Services Ltd. vs ACIT in wherein almost similar facts were there, which have been discussed in para 4 as under :-
4. Brief facts of the case are that EY Global Services Limited (hereinafter referred to as 'the assessee') is providing technology and other support services and software licenses to the member firms of the EY Network. The assessee is said to be established as a nonprofit central service provider to enable EY member firms to share the costs of centralized services. Accordingly, the assessee enters into agreements with each member firm, pursuant to which it provides services required by member firms and thereafter, recovered various costs incurred by it from the member firms on actual usage basis. Given the above, the assessee filed a 'NIL' return of income on 30th March 2012 contending that the payments received by the assessee from Indian member firms are mere reimbursement of costs and not taxable under the Act as well as the Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement between India and United Kingdom (hereinafter referred as the treaty").” The Tribunal had followed the aforesaid judgment of Hon'ble Delhi High Court wherein the judgment of AAR in the case of EY Global Services Ltd. has been reversed.
Here, in this case also, the Assessing Officer has heavily relied upon the same judgment of AAR in the case of EY Global Services Ltd., which now stands reversed by the Hon'ble Delhi High Court. Thus, we hold that the payments made to Holdings is not taxable as Royalty under Article 13(3) of the India-UK DTAA.
Insofar as pleading relating to principle of mutuality for which reliance was placed on the decision of Delhi bench of Tribunal in the case of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu under an arrangement which was similar to the one in the present appeals, we are not going into this aspect, firstly, because, in our opinion, principle of mutuality cannot be examined in proceedings u/s 195; and secondly, principle of mutuality has to be seen qua in the hands of the recipient, i.e. entity which is receiving the payment and not in the hands of the payer, which is the appellant here. Therefore, we are not entering into the issue of mutuality in this case.
22. Lastly, insofar as issue of reimbursement is concerned, the same has become purely academic once we have held that the payments made are not in the nature of Royalty and is not taxable.
Accordingly, we hold that in all the appeals the payments made to Deloitte Global Holdings Ltd. do not fall in the scope and definition of Royalty under Article 13(3) of India UK DTAA and consequently appellants were not required to deduct TDS while making the payment. Thus, all the appeals of the assessees are allowed.
Respectfully following the aforesaid decisions, and even otherwise on an independent appreciation of the material on record, we find no reason to take a different view. The services comprised under Global Brand essentially involve formulation and implementation of global brand strategy, dissemination of common policies, training modules and internal guidance to ensure consistency and uniformity across member firms. These activities do not involve any transfer of trademark, patent, design or other intellectual property rights, nor do they confer upon the assessee any right of commercial exploitation independent of the global network. The payments are clearly for facilitative and coordinative services rendered within the network.
Likewise, the Global Communications services relate to internal and external communications, publications, thought leadership initiatives, media guidance, and alignment of messaging across the Deloitte network. These services are in the nature of managerial and advisory support and cannot, by any stretch of interpretation, be equated with imparting information concerning commercial experience of the kind contemplated in Article 13(3). There is neither transfer of any confidential know-how nor any licensing of copyright in literary or artistic works.
As regards Global Technology / Knowledge Management, the record clearly establishes that the global entity procures software and technology tools from third-party vendors and makes them available to member firms strictly for internal business use. The assessee does not acquire any right to exploit, sub-license or commercially deploy such software. What is made available is merely a copyrighted article and not the copyright itself. The legal position in this regard now stands conclusively settled by the judgment of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Engineering Analysis Centre of Excellence (P) Ltd., which has been consistently followed in the assessee’s own case by this Tribunal.
12. The reliance placed by the Assessing Officer on the ruling of the Authority for Advance Rulings in the case of EY Global Services Ltd. is also misplaced, as the said ruling has since been set aside by the Hon’ble Delhi High Court, and the very foundation of the Assessing Officer’s reasoning no longer survives. Once the underlying legal premise has been rendered untenable, the conclusions drawn therefrom cannot be sustained.
We also find merit in the submission that the expression “information concerning industrial, commercial or scientific experience” cannot be expansively construed to include routine advisory, managerial or support services rendered within a professional network. Judicial authority has consistently held that to qualify as royalty under this limb, the information imparted must be of a specialised, confidential or proprietary nature, embodying a transfer of accumulated experience or know-how. Mere rendering of services, even if informed by experience, does not amount to imparting such experience to the recipient.
In view of the aforesaid discussion, and respectfully following the binding precedents rendered by coordinate benches of this Tribunal in the assessee’s own case on identical facts, we hold that the payments made by the assessee to Deloitte Global Holdings Services Limited under the heads of Global Brand, Global Communications and Global Technology / Knowledge Management do not fall within the scope of “royalty” as defined in Article 13(3) of the India–UK DTAA. Consequently, such payments are not chargeable to tax in India and no obligation to deduct tax at source under section 195 arises therefrom.
15. Accordingly, finding no infirmity in the order of the learned Commissioner (Appeals), and being in respectful concurrence with the view consistently taken by this Tribunal in the assessee’s own case, we uphold the same. All the appeals filed by the Revenue are dismissed.
In the result, all the appeals filed by the Revenue are dismissed.
Order pronounced on 17th December, 2025.