“commercial substance”
The decision most relied on for commercial substance is 277(D- E) and CIT v. U.P. State Industrial Development Corporation (225 ITR 703), cited in 49 judgments on BharatTax.
Leading authorities on commercial substance
The ordinary principles of commercial accounting should be applied for ascertaining profits and gains, provided they do not contradict the Income-tax Act.
Transactions lacking commercial substance, such as circular share transactions designed to generate artificial capital losses, are not genuine and may be disregarded by tax authorities.
The true nature of a transaction is determined by the substance of the transaction itself, not merely by the nomenclature used in the books of accounts. Payments made for the expansion of an existing business into new geographical areas before commercial exploitation are not necessarily loans or advances but can be considered trading transactions.