“Section 39(1)”

Interest income earned by a co-operative bank from the investment of its surplus funds, including those statutorily required to be placed in approved securities, is attributable to its banking business and qualifies for deduction under Section 80P(2)(a)(i).

Section 68 of the Income Tax Act can be invoked to make an addition only when the assessee offers no explanation for a cash credit or the explanation provided is unsatisfactory. An addition for share application money is not justified if the Revenue has no material to dispute the genuineness or creditworthiness of the investors or the source of money.

Expenditure incurred to promote business or bring goodwill to the assessee is allowable as a deduction. However, notional losses arising from issuing shares below market price are not deductible.

The levy of interest under Section 234-A of the Income Tax Act is statutory, mandatory, and automatic, meaning it cannot be a question of law that can be raised in appeal. The High Court's jurisdiction under Section 260A is limited to questions of law, and thus, observations on the levy of interest are generally outside its scope.

A company undergoing restructuring activity during the relevant financial year may be rejected as a comparable in transfer pricing analysis, as such events can impact its profitability.