“Section 2(14)(b)”
The decision most relied on for Section 2(14)(b) is CIT v. Siemens Aktiongesellschaft (310 ITR 320), cited in 259 judgments on BharatTax.
Leading authorities on Section 2(14)(b)
Reimbursements of actual expenses without any profit element are not taxable income. Additionally, mere amendments to the Income-tax Act do not override the provisions of Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs).
The case is cited for various issues including the definition of capital assets, reassessment procedures under sections 153A and 153C, and the effect of clarificatory amendments.
A payment of bonus or commission is allowable as a business deduction under Section 36(1)(ii) unless it constitutes a distribution of profits or dividends, thereby distinguishing payments genuinely for services from those merely intended to escape taxation.
The addition of cash deposits to an assessee's income under Section 68 is justified when the Assessment Officer notices huge cash deposits, as the onus is on the assessee to explain their nature and source.
A trust's exemption is cancelled if its property is used for the benefit of a person prohibited under section 13(3), or if the trust fails to accurately reflect its income, thereby not truly disclosing the income arising from trust property.
The 'income' contemplated by Section 11 is the real income, not merely the assessed or assessable income, and income from property held under trust must be arrived at in a normal commercial manner. This implies that statutory deductions under Section 14 are not applicable when income from property held under trust is excluded.
If agricultural operations are being carried out on land at the time of sale and revenue records indicate it is agricultural land, a presumption arises that it is agricultural in character, which the revenue must rebut. Permission to convert land to non-agricultural use does not render it non-agricultural if not obtained before the sale.
If land is recorded as agricultural land in revenue records, it is considered agricultural land for tax purposes, entitling the assessee to exemption from tax.