COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX vs. JAGATJIT INDUSTRIES LTD

Considering the submissions of the assessee, the Assessing Officer held that the nature of the expenses was such that they had occurred and crystallized during the earlier years. It was further held that as the same had been crystallized during the relevant year, the same could not be allowed in the later years. Being of this view, the Assessing Officer came to hold that the assessee had claimed Rs.13,46,299/- as expenditure of prior period allowable in the current year and, accordingly, disallowed the same. After disallowing the same, he initiated a proceeding under Section 271(1)(c) of the Act on the ground that the assessee had furnished inaccurate particulars of income.

Being dissatisfied with the aforesaid order, the assessee preferred an appeal before the CIT(A) forming the subject matter of appeal No.523/06-07 wherein the first appellate authority came to hold that the assessee-appellant was maintaining the mercantile system of accounting and it had different offices spread throughout the country and hence, at the end of the financial year, it was not possible to account for all the expenditure incurred by the

Grieved by the aforesaid order, the revenue preferred an appeal before the tribunal. The tribunal has held thus: “From the facts sated above it is clear that the assessee has been claiming prior period expenses on the ground that the vouchers of such expenses from employees/branch offices were received after 31st March. The assessee had its branch offices throughout the country. As per past business practice, the expenditure spilled over to next year had been debited in the subsequent year and the same were claimed and allowed by the Assessing Officer. This accounting practice has been consistently followed by the assessee and accepted by the department. Therefore, the rule of consistency has to be followed. In our considered view, Ld.CIT(A) has rightly deleted the addition following the business practice adopted by assessee and accepted by the department for past so many years. Accordingly, we do not find any infirmity in the order passed by Ld.CIT(A) in deleting the addition of Rs.13,46,299/-.”

We have heard Mrs. Prem Lata Bansal, learned counsel for the appellant, and Mr. Satyen Sethi, learned counsel for the respondent.

It is contended by Mrs.Prem Lata Bansal that the tribunal has fallen into grave error by affirming the order of the CIT(A) solely on the ground that the assessee has been following the mercantile system of accounting consistently and the said business practice deserved to be accepted though there was a Tax Audit Report which clearly pointed out that the said sum had been debited by the assessee to the Profit & Loss Account. The learned counsel has commended us to the decision in CIT v. British Paints India Ltd., (1991) 188 ITR 45 (SC).

At the very outset, we may note with profit that there is no dispute that the assessee was following the mercantile system of accounting. There is also material on record that as per the past business practice the expenditure spilled over to the next year and was debited in the second year which was allowed by the assessing officer. The tribunal, as is evincible, has followed the principle of consistency.

The submission of Mrs. Prem Lata Bansal, learned counsel for the revenue, is that the assessing officer had dealt with the issues by ascribing cogent and germane reasons but the CIT(A) as well as the tribunal, without appreciating the same from proper perspective and without dwelling upon the relevant aspects, have adopted a laconic approach which immensely exposits the perversity of approach. It is canvassed by her that had the approach been different and had there been a detailed discussion by way of proper and apposite advertence to the facts by the tribunal, the conclusion would have been different. Mr. Sethi, learned counsel for the

In this context, we may refer to the decision in Director of Income Tax (Exemption) and another v. Apparel Exports Promotion Council (No.1), [2000] 244 ITR 734 (Delhi) wherein it has been held that when there was no material change in the activities of the assessee as compared to the earlier years, the question of exemption under Section 11 of the Act which had been examined in earlier years cannot be raised again though the doctrine of res judicata would not strictly apply to income tax proceedings, yet in order to maintain consistency, the revenue could not be permitted to take up stale issues merely because the scope of appeal is wider than a reference.

A Division Bench of the Gauhati High Court in CIT V. Doom Dooma India Ltd. [1993] 200 ITR 496 (Gauhati) while dealing the concept of Section 145 of the Act has held as under:- “It is for the assessee to adopt any recognised method of accounting for his business. The income shall be computed in accordance with the method of accounting regularly employed by the assessee. In other words, it is open to the assessee to opt for such method of accounting as he deems reasonable and appropriate. He may opt to adopt the manufacturing cost price method or the market price method provided the method is followed in regard to both the opening stock and the closing stock. It is not open to him to adopt one method for valuing the opening stock and a different method for valuing the closing stock so as to intentionally suppress the income derived or derivable in the particular previous year. Even where an assessee has adopted a particular method for a period of years, there is no provision of law which prevents him from changing to any other method, provided the change-over is not made in the same assessment year.”

In CIT V. Guttoffnungashutto Sterkrado, [1992] 197 ITR 66 (Orissa), it has been ruled thus:- “We have heard learned counsel for the Department. From the records, we find that a similar dispute, i.e., whether the income has to be assessed on “complete contract” basis, was before the Tribunal for the assessment years 1965-66 and 1966-67. The Tribunal recorded a categorical finding that no defect in the accounts maintained by the assessee was pointed out by the Assessing Officer and, on the contrary, the profits of the assessee can be correctly determined from the method of accounting adopted by it. With these conclusions, the orders of the Commissioner of Income-tax passed under section 263 of the Act were set aside, and the orders of the Income-tax Officer were restored. It is not in dispute that the Revenue has not assailed the correctness of the conclusions of the Tribunal. The fact situation being identical, the Tribunal followed its earlier judgment and observed that the “complete contract” basis was the correct mode for determination of the assessee‟s income and its income can be correctly determined from the method of accounting adopted by it. It, therefore, upheld the direction of

In Saurashtra Cement & Chemical Industries Ltd. V. Commissioner of Income Tax, [1995] 213 ITR 523(Gujarat), the Division Bench has expressed thus:- “Merely because an expense relates to a transaction of an earlier year it does not become a liability payable in the earlier year unless it can be said that the liability was determined and crystallized in the year in question on the basis of maintaining accounts on the mercantile basis. In each case where the accounts are maintained on the mercantile basis it has to be found in respect of any claim, whether such liability was crystallized and quantified during the previous year so as to be required to be adjusted in the books of account of that previous year. If any liability, though relating to the earlier year, depends upon making a demand and its acceptance by the assessee and such liability has been actually claimed and paid in the later previous years it cannot be disallowed as deduction merely on the basis the accounts are maintained on mercantile basis and that it related to a transaction of the previous year. The true profits and gains of a previous year are required to be computed for the purpose of determining tax liability. The basis of taxing income is accrual of income as well as actual receipt. If for want of necessary material crystallizing the expenditure is not in existence in respect of which such income or expenses relate, the mercantile system does not call for adjustment in the books of account on estimate basis. It is actually known income or expenses, the right to receive or the liability to pay which has

In CIT V. Bilahari Investment P. Ltd., [2008] 299 ITR 1 (SC), while dealing with accounting standards, their Lordships referred to the decisions in Taporia Tools Ltd. v. Joint CIT, [2003] 260 ITR 102 (Bombay) and J.K. Industries Ltd. v. Union of India, [2007] 13 Scale 204 and thereafter adverted to the recognition and identification of income under the 1961 Act as is attainable by several methods of accounting. Their Lordships referred to the completed contract method and the percentage of completion method which were the issues in the said case. After so stating, the Apex Court expressed the view as follows:- “19. In the judgment of the Bombay High Court in Taparia Tools Ltd., [2003] 260 ITR 102 it has been held that in every case of substitution of one method by another method, the burden is on the Department to prove that the method in vogue is not correct and it distorts the profits of a particular year. Under the mercantile system of accounting based on the concept of accrual, the method of accounting followed by the assessees is relevant. In the present case, there is no finding recorded by the Assessing Officer that the completed contract method distorts the profits of a particular year. Moreover, as held in various judgments, the chit scheme is one integrated scheme spread over a period of time, sometimes exceeding 12 months. We have examined computation of tax effect in these cases and we find that the entire exercise is revenue neutral,

In CIT v. Kataria Road Lines, [2009] 316 ITR 115 (Raj), the Division Bench came to hold as under:- “9. It is not in dispute that the mercantile accounting system was adopted by the assessee and was permitted by the Revenue for several years. By virtue of the said accounting system, the assessee was claiming benefit of finance commission in the year of hire purchase agreement itself irrespective of the fact that the amount of instalments as per the hire-purchase agreement was actually paid in the subsequent years. Answer to the question whether such an accounting system was permissible or not, is not before us, further the Department itself was permitting the said accounting system according to which, the assessee was accounting the entire finance commission in the year of hire purchase itself irrespective of the fact that the instalment pursuant to the hire-purchase agreement was actually paid in the subsequent years. The assessment on the aforesaid basis was continued for years together and it is only for the assessment years 1980-81 and 1981-82 that the said system was not accepted by the Department. It is also the fact that the firms have closed their business. Thus, looking to the aforesaid facts and circumstances, and also the judgment of the hon‟ble apex court in the case of CIT v. Bilahari Investment (P.) Ltd. [2008] 299 ITR 1, we are of the view that the

The present factual matrix has to be tested on the touchstone and anvil of the aforesaid enunciation of law. On a scrutiny of the facts that have been brought on record, it is discernible that the assessee has been claiming prior period of expenses on the ground that the voucher of such expenses from the employees/branch employees were received after 31st March of the financial year. It has also come as a matter of fact that the assessee has branch offices throughout the country. The assessee has been debiting the expenditure spill over to the subsequent years and the assessing officer had been allowing the same. The said accounting practice has been consistently followed by the assessee and accepted by the department. If a particular accounting system has been followed and accepted and there is no acceptable reason to differ with the same, the doctrine of consistency would come into play. The said accounting system has been followed for a number of years and there is no proof that there has been any material change in the activities of the assessee as compared to the earlier years. Nothing has been brought on record to show that there has been distortion of profit or the books of account did not reflect the correct picture in the absence of any reason whatsoever, there was no warrant or justification to depart from the previous accounting system which was accepted by the department in respect of the previous years.

In view of our preceding analysis, we do not perceive any merit in this appeal and, accordingly, the same stands dismissed without any order as to costs.