THE C.I.T.B.C-CENTRAL-I vs. THE ADMINISTRATOR OF ESTATE

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ITR/325/1997HC Bombay24 April 2012Author: HON'BLE SHRI JUSTICE DR. D.Y. CHANDRACHUD, HON'BLE SHRI JUSTICE R.D. DHANUKA18 pages
AI SummaryAllowed

What did the High Court hold?

The High Court held that the surplus realised on the sale of land was in the nature of capital gains and not business income. The Court affirmed the concurrent findings of fact by the CIT(A) and the Tribunal. Key considerations included the original purchase of a vast tract of land in 1923 by late F.E. Dinshaw, a solicitor, without an intention to trade. The land devolved by testamentary succession, and there were no sale transactions for nearly sixty-five years after the initial purchase. The current assessee was the administrator of the estate. The Tribunal found that encroachments led to litigation and expenditure, making sales necessary to protect the corpus rather than for profit. There were no improvements made to the land, and the repurchase of surplus land was considered a retention. The Revenue did not challenge the Tribunal's findings of fact. The Court answered the reference in the affirmative, holding that the surplus was capital gains.

What were the facts?

The Commissioner of Income Tax (Revenue) referred a question to the Bombay High Court concerning the assessment years 1987-88, 1988-89, and 1989-90. The assessee, the Administrator of the Estate of late Shri E.F. Dinshaw, had sold land purchased by the deceased in 1923. The land, originally about 2500 acres in Malad and Borivali, devolved through inheritance and testamentary succession. Over time, parts of the land were leased out, encroached upon, and eventually sold after obtaining necessary permissions under various acts, including the Income Tax Act. The assessee claimed the surplus as long-term capital gain, but the Assessing Officer treated it as business income. The CIT(A) and the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal ruled in favour of the assessee, holding the surplus as capital gain.

What were the issues?

1. Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case and in law, the Tribunal was justified in holding that the surplus realised on sale of land was in the nature of capital gain and that the assessee was not a trader in land? (Question of law) Assessee's Contentions: The assessee argued that the land was purchased in 1923 by the late F.E. Dinshaw, who was a solicitor and not a real estate trader. The land devolved by succession, and the sales were motivated by the need to protect the corpus due to encroachments and litigation, rather than profit-making. The assessees were trusts or administrators and could not engage in the business of selling land. The Tribunal relied on the lack of intention to trade at the time of purchase, the absence of business-like improvements, and the fact that sales were not expansive relative to the total holding. The repurchase of land declared surplus was considered a retention, not a commercial purchase. The long period of holding (nearly seventy years) justified the sale due to encroachments and litigation expenses, which the department itself treated as capital account expenditure. Revenue's Contentions: The Revenue contended that there was a steady, systematic, and continuous process of selling portions of the property for profit in real estate. The nature and quantum of expenses debited to the income and expenditure account, the activities, and the manner in which the value of trust properties was reduced suggested that the lands were purchased solely for earning profit. The profit arising from the sale of land was therefore business income.

Which sections of the Income-tax Act were involved?

Section 256(1)

AI-generated summary — verify with the full judgment below

Cause title — parties, addresses and appearances
VBC 1/18 itr325.97-24.4 IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY O. O. C. J. INCOME TAX REFERENCE NO.325  OF 1997   The Commissioner of Income Tax,  Bombay Central­I.   ...Applicant.                         Vs. The Administrator of the Estate of  late Shri E.F.Dinshaw. ...Respondent.                                 .... Mr.Tejveer Singh   for the Applicant. Mr.S.E.Dastur, Senior Advocate with Mr.Madhur Agarwal, Mr.Atul  K.Jasani and Ms.Khushbu Jasani for the Respondent.                                 .....                                 CORAM : DR.D.Y.CHANDRACHUD AND R.D.DHANUKA, JJ.                                                                April 24, 2012.

ORAL JUDGMENT (PER DR.D.Y.CHANDRACHUD, J.) : By this Reference, under Section 256(1) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, the Tribunal has at the behest of the Revenue, referred the following question: “Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case and in law, the Tribunal was justified in holding that surplus realised on sale of land was in the nature of capital gain and that the assessee was not a trader in land.”

2.

The Reference arises from an order of the Income Tax CNR No : HCBM020036491997 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:41:40

VBC 2/18 itr325.97-24.4 Appellate Tribunal for Assessment Years   1987­88, 1988­89 and 1989­90. The facts, as set out in the statement of case, are that late F.E.Dinshaw,   who  was   a   partner   in   a  firm   of  Solicitors   and   a financial adviser to the Princely State of Gwalior, purchased large tracts of land admeasuring about 2500 acres at Malad and Borivali in or about 1923. He died in 1936 and was survived by a son, E.F. Dinshaw, and a daughter, Bachoobai Woronzow,   both of whom were non­residents and were citizens of a foreign country.  Upon the   death   of   F.E.Dinshaw,   his   son   and   daughter   became   joint owners of the lands.  No physical division was carried out.  Under the last will and testament of F.E. Dinshaw, a life   interest was created in half his share in the land in favour of   his daughter, Bachoobai, a reversionary interest being created in favour of two U.S.   based   charities.     By   a   judgment   of   this   Court   dated   21 December   1972,   Mr.Nusli   Wadia   was   appointed   as     sole administrator of the estate.  The other half share was bequeathed to E.F.Dinshaw.

3.

On 27 December 1973, Bachoobai leased out 72 acres of the lands jointly owned by her and her brother to a company by the Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:41:40

VBC 3/18 itr325.97-24.4 name of Haven Kores  Real Estate Pvt. Ltd. for a period of ninety nine   years.     On 28 December 1973, Bachoobai created three charitable trusts : (i) F.M.Dinshaw Foundation – with a corpus consisting of the reversionary interest of herself and the Administrator in the land leased to Haven Kores Real Estate Pvt. Ltd.; (ii) F.E.Dinshaw Charities – consisting of the  corpus of mostly tenanted properties jointly owned; (iii)   F.E.Dinshaw   Trust   –   with   a   corpus   consisting   of mainly   leased   and   unencumbered   free   land   of F.E.Dinshaw Estate jointly owned by her and her late brother. From early times, different portions of the property were leased out to various persons against the payment of ground rent for the purposes of constructing house properties. Over time, a large part of   the   land   was   encroached   upon.     From   November   1968, agreements to sell were   executed in respect of different portions of   the   land.     Before   any     sale   deed   could   be   entered   into, permission was required to be taken of the Charity Commissioner under Section 36 of the Bombay Public Trust Act, 1950. Since E.F.Dinshaw and Bachoobai were not citizens of India, permission was  also   required  under   the   Foreign   Exchange   Regulation   Act, Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:41:40

VBC 4/18 itr325.97-24.4 1973. The provisions of the Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1971 rendered some parts of the land as surplus.  Permissions were also required to be taken under Chapter XX­C of the Income Tax Act, 1961. After permissions were taken and the Conveyances were finalized upon registration, there was a surplus which the assessee claimed as a long term capital gain.

4.

The Assessing Officer in the course of the assessment held that there was a steady, systematic and continuous process of selling portions of the property for making profits in real estate. According to the Assessing Officer, the nature of expenses debited to   the   income     and   expenditure   account,   the   quantum,     the activities     and   the   manner   in   which   the   value   of     the   trust properties is reduced, was suggestive of the fact that the lands were purchased  only   for   the   purposes   of   earning   profit.     The   profit arising from  the sale of the land was treated as  business income. In appeal, the CIT (A) held that the mere ownership of the land does not constitute trade.  The CIT(A) held in favour of the assessee on the basis of the following findings : (i) Neither of the assessees had purchased the land themselves.   The land had been purchased Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:41:40

VBC 5/18 itr325.97-24.4 by the late F.E. Dinshaw nearly seventy years earlier when the growth   of   Mumbai   to   its   present   state   could   not   have   been foreseen; (ii)   The land was purchased as a source of earning income from ground rent;   (iii) Encroachments took place after 1947 whereupon it became difficult to protect open land.  In selling the land, the assessees had been motivated more by the desire of protecting their corpus than of earning profits;  (iv) The assessees were Trusts or the administrator of the estate and could not enter into the business of selling land.

5.

In appeal, the Tribunal has affirmed the decision of the CIT(A).  The Tribunal has relied upon the following circumstances in support of its conclusion that the income that was realised upon the sale of the lands constituted capital gains and not business income: (i) Late F.E.Dinshaw had no intention to trade in the lands at the time of purchase.  After the purchase of the lands in 1923, there was no sale thereafter for nearly thirty­five years; (ii) Late F.E.Dinshaw was far removed from any business in real estate and, therefore, this was not a case where a transaction Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:41:40

VBC 6/18 itr325.97-24.4 can   be   regarded   as  being   relatable   to  the   business   which   was normally carried on by the assessee; (iii) In the present case, there was no activity such as in the nature   of   improvements  on   the   lands,     for   instance,   by   laying drainage lines, electricity, levelling or construction of roads.   The fencing of the land and the construction of the compound wall were only intended to protect the property and not to carry out improvements; (iv) Though the extent of the sales had increased over time, compared to the vast extent of holding, the sales could not be regarded as expansive.  Moreover, while there were sales of some parts of the land, there was no corresponding activity involved of purchases; (v) The repurchase of about a hundred acres of land which had been declared surplus under the Urban Land Ceiling Act was not a purchase in the commercial sense since it constituted nothing but a retention of the property which was earlier vested in the assessees; (vi) The property was purchased nearly seventy years earlier and   it   could   not   be   expected   that   it   should   remain   invested Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:41:40

VBC 7/18 itr325.97-24.4 indefinitely.  The sale of the property was explained by the fact that there were encroachments on the lands leading to heavy litigation and expenditure on account of which it became necessary to sell parts of the land.  On an evaluation of the record and having regard to the aforesaid circumstances, the Tribunal affirmed the view of the CIT(A) that the  income generated from the sale of land during the assessment years in question, should be treated as capital gains.

6.

Counsel appearing on behalf of the Revenue has relied upon four circumstances which, in his submission, would support the initial conclusion of the Assessing Officer that the income which was realised from the sale of the land during the assessment years constituted a profit which is chargeable under the head of business income.   Firstly, it is submitted that the land was divided in a systematic   way   under   the   three   Deeds   of   Trust   executed   by Bachoobai   under   which   the   trustees   were   given   the   power   to purchase, sale, lease or exchange;  Secondly, as the Tribunal has noted,   there   was   an   acquisition   of   the   land   in   the   form   of repurchase   under   the   Urban   Land   Ceiling   Act;  Thirdly,   on   27 December   1973,   Bachoobai   had   given   the   land   on   lease   to   a Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:41:40

VBC 8/18 itr325.97-24.4 developer for ninety nine years; and fourthly, the record indicates that there was a division of the property for the purpose of  sale.

7.

On the other hand, Counsel appearing on behalf of the Assessee submits that (i) In the present case, fifty per cent of the interest belongs to the estate of late E.F.Dinshaw, while the balance vested in one of the charitable trusts created by Bachoobai.   To accept the submission of the Revenue, would essentially imply that the Administrator of the Estate of E.F.Dinshaw, or as the case may be, the charitable trusts were engaged in business; (ii) There is a finding of fact concurrently both by the CIT(A) and by the Tribunal of the reasons why the land was required to be sold.   The land involved  extended over  a large tract of 2500 acres which had been partly encroached upon and partly occupied by tenants and third parties.  Though several sales had  taken place that by itself could not determine the nature and character of the transactions.   The order   of   assessment   for   Assessment   Year   1989­90   notes   in paragraph 4.3 that though there were 105 sales, in many cases sales   were   to   persons   who   were   already   in   possession   of   the property; (iii) The present Reference   only deals with the lands Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:41:40

VBC 9/18 itr325.97-24.4 which were dealt with by the Administrator of the estate of late E.F.Dinshaw; (iv) The lands in the present case were purchased by F.E.Dinshaw in or about 1923 and until his death in 1936, there were no sales. The lands were inherited by E.F.Dinshaw and by Bachoobai. The sales took place nearly sixty five years after the purchase of the lands.       In these circumstances, the sales of the lands motivated as they were by the circumstance that there were increasing encroachments on the land, can never be regarded as an adventure in the nature of trade. The concurrent finding of fact is that the sales were motivated by  a desire to protect the corpus and not by a desire to profit from the sale and purchase of the lands; (v) Until   the   assessment   for   the   assessment   years   in   question,   the Revenue treated the income realised from the sale of the land as capital gains.  There has been no specific or radical change in the circumstances of the case so as to warrant the treatment of the income as business income as opposed to capital gains.

8.

The rival submissions would now fall for consideration.

9.

The   Reference   before   this   Court   arises   under   the Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:41:40

VBC 10/18 itr325.97-24.4 provisions of Section 256(1) of the Income Tax Act, 1961. On the parameters of the juri iction of this Court, it is now well settled that it is the duty of the Tribunal to find facts. The Tribunal is constituted as the final fact finding authority.   The duty of the Court is to lay down the law on the facts  found by the Tribunal. The Court, under Section 256,  has no juri iction to go behind the statement of facts contained in the Appellate order of the Tribunal or the statement of the case, unless there is no evidence to support them or the Tribunal has mi irected itself in law.  For that matter, the Court would not be justified in disturbing or going behind a finding of fact recorded by the Tribunal even on the ground that there is no evidence to support it, unless it has been expressly challenged by a question raised in the Reference Application under Section 256(1) to the Tribunal.  It would, however, be otherwise where mixed questions of law and facts were to be involved.   A succinct statement of this principle is summarised in  Kanga and Palkhiwala's The  Law and Practice of Income Tax 1. 10. The issue as to whether income that is realised from the 1 Eighth Edition 1990 page 1547 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:41:40

VBC 11/18 itr325.97-24.4 laid down the following guidelines: “If   a   transaction   is   related   to   the   business   which   is normally carried on by the assessee, though not directly part of it, an intention to launch upon an adventure in the nature of trade may readily be inferred.   A similar inference would arise where a commodity is purchased and sub­divided, altered, treated, or repaired and sold, or is   converted   into   a   different   commodity   and   sold. Magnitude of the transaction of purchase, the nature of the commodity, subsequent dealings and the manner of disposal   may   be   such   that   the   transaction   may   be stamped with a character of a trading venture.   But a transaction   of   purchase   of   land   cannot   be   assumed without more to be a venture in the nature of trade.” In G. Venkataswami Naidu & Co. vs. Commissioner of Income Tax3,   the   Supreme   Court   noted   that   several   factors   assumed relevance including (i) Whether the purchaser was a trader and the purchase of the commodity and its resale were allied to his usual trade or business or incidental to it; (ii) The nature and  extent of the   transaction   involved   in   the     purchase   and   sale;   (iii)   Acts 2 57 ITR 21 (SC) 3 35 ITR 594 (SC) Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:41:40

VBC 12/18 itr325.97-24.4 subsequent to the purchase for the improvement of the quality of the subject matter; (iv) Any act prior to the purchase showing a design or purpose, the incidents  associated with the purchase and resale and the similarity of the  transaction to operations usually associated   with     trade   or   business;   (v)   The   repetition   of   the transaction; and (vi) The element of pride of possession.

11.

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VBC 13/18 itr325.97-24.4 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:41:40

VBC 14/18 itr325.97-24.4 sold out in part.  The High Court held that the relevant test was to find out  the intention of the assessee at the time of the purchase of the land.  The assessee had never purchased her land since it had devolved on her through testamentary succession.   The land was sold in  parts  because  the  huge  area  could  not  be  sold  in  one transaction and such an activity was held not to amount to trade or business within the meaning of the Act.

12.

These principles have again been succinctly summarised in   the   statement   of   law   in  Kanga   and   Palkhivala  (supra)   as follows: “Land and buildings.­ Where an individual inherits or otherwise acquires land and deals with it as an owner, he may be regarded as holding it as an investment rather than as something with which to trade(Dolores v. Comr of Taxation   82 ITR 272 (PC); CIT v Raunaq Singh 85 ITR   220;   CIT   v   Thiagarajan   129   ITR   115;   CIT   v. Saraswati   137   ITR   656;   IR   v   Reinhold   34   TC     389; Williams v Davies  26 TC 371, 15 ITR Suppl 50);  and the same principle applies to a company incorporated for the purpose of management of a family estate (Ukhara v CIT 120 ITR 549 (SC).  The mere fact that the owner of an immovable   property   takes   steps   to   enhance   its   value before selling it, does not point to an adventure in the nature of trade (Taylor v Good 49 TC 277, 296­7 (CA).  A landlord may lay out part of his estate with roads and sewers and sell it in lots at various times for building, but if he does this as a landed proprietor and not as a land Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:41:40

VBC 15/18 itr325.97-24.4 speculator,   the   sales   would   be   on   capital   account ((Hudson v Stevens 5 TC 424, 436­8 (CA); Gajalakshmi v CIT 22 ITR 502; CIT v Premji 113 ITR 785; Kaur Singh v CIT 502; CIT v Premji 113 ITR 785; Kaur Singh v CIT 144 ITR 756; CIT v Nathuram 151 ITR 767; CIT v Jolly 169 ITR 72; CIT v Mohammed Mohindeen 176 ITR 393). ... However, the circumstances of a case may indicate that the land is acquired, developed and sold in plots by way of a venture in the nature of trade (Rameshwar v CIT 42 ITR 179 (SC); Mohammed Meerakhan v CIT 73 ITR 738 (SC); Seth v CIT 74 ITR 852; Baijnath v CIT 91 ITR 208; CIT v Krishna Rao 120 ITR 101; CIT v Jawahar 127 ITR 431;   Harbans   Singh   v   CIT   132   ITR   77;   CIT   v Chikkaveerayya 164 ITR 41; Parvathi v CIT 164 ITR 675; Re Mody 8 ITR 179; Thakkar v CIT 7 ITR 154; Pilkington v Randall 42  TC 662 (CA); Broadbridge v Beattie 26 TC 63; Laver v Wilkinson 26 TC 105. See also Bhanumati v CIT 119 ITR 69). A purchase and resale of land may be held to be in the nature of trade even if the land is not parcelled   out   or   developed   or   advertised   for   sale (Venkataswami   v   CIT   35   ITR   594   (SC);   Reynolds   v Bennett   25   TC   401;   Gray   v   Tiley   26   TC   80; Somasundaram v CIT 47 ITR 336; Praise v CIT 60 ITR 566; Estate Inv v CIT 121 ITR 580; Bhagirath v CIT 139 ITR 916; CIT v Minal 167 ITR507. Cf. Saroj v CIT 37 242 (SC).  ... Shah J,  speaking for the Supreme Court in Jankiram Bahadurram v CIT (57 ITR 21, 26, followed in CIT v Anandlal 107 ITR 677 and CIT v Gordhandas 118 ITR 81), held that “a transaction of purchase of land cannot be assumed without more to be a venture in the nature of trade”.  In that case the purchase and sale of a jute press along with the land on which it stood was held to be on capital account.  In Venkataswami Naidu v. CIT(35 ITR 594, 609­10), purchase of lands by managing agents with the sole object of reselling them to the managed company Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:41:40

VBC 16/18 itr325.97-24.4 at a profit was held by the Supreme Court, on the facts of the  case,  to constitute  an adventure in the  nature of trade. ….  The onus of proving that the land formed part of the business assets is on the Department, and in the absence of  any evidence   or  finding  to  the  contrary  the   Court would conclude that the land was treated and held as a capital investment (Wadia v CIT 17 ITR 63, 76­7, 105­8 (FC); Alapati v CIT 35 ITR 73; Vadlamani v CIT 51 ITR 304; CIT v Nathalal 126 ITR 555).”

13.

In   assessing   the   facts   of   the   present   case,   certain important considerations would have to be borne in mind.  Firstly, a large tract of land of nearly 2500 acres was acquired in or about the year 1923 by late F.E.Dinshaw. F.E. Dinshaw was a Solicitor. The acquisition of the land was evidently not motivated by an adventure in the nature of trade. The statement of case makes it clear that there was no transaction involving the sale of the land during his life time.   Secondly, neither E.F.Dinshaw, nor for that matter, Bachoobai purchased the land. The land had devolved on E.F.   Dinshaw   and   upon   Bachoobai   by   testamentary   succession. Thirdly,   upon the death of F.E. Dinshaw in 1936, there was no transaction involving the sale of the land for a period of nearly sixty five years since the purchase of the land.  Fourthly, the assessee in Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:41:40

VBC 17/18 itr325.97-24.4 the   present   case,   is   the   Administrator   of   the   estate   of   late E.F.Dinshaw.     Half   the   interest   of   the   land   devolved   upon E.F.Dinshaw under the will that was executed by his late father F.E.Dinshaw.       Fifthly, both the CIT(A) and the Tribunal have rendered concurrent findings  of fact.   The finding of fact recorded by   the   Tribunal   is   that   since   independence   encroachments gradually took over certain areas of the land.  The sale of the land was not motivated by a desire to make a profit, but to protect the corpus and the resulting expenditure due to litigation.   The finding of   the   Tribunal   is   also   to   the   effect   that   there   were   no improvements on the land by way of laying out drainage, levelling or construction of roads.   Though an area admeasuring about a hundred acres was repurchased, the Tribunal has recorded that this was hardly a purchase in the commercial sense since it was a repurchase   of  lands  which  were   declared  as  surplus  under   the Urban Land Ceiling Act.  Sixthly, the Revenue in the present case has not impugned the findings of fact recorded by the Tribunal either   on   the   ground   that   they   are   based   on   no   evidence whatsoever nor for that matter on the ground that the Tribunal has mi irected   itself   in   law.   The   Tribunal   in   paragraph   17   of   its Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:41:40

VBC 18/18 itr325.97-24.4 decision has also noted that the expenditure or litigation expenses was treated by the Department on the  capital account, declining to accede to the claim of the assessee that it should be set off against income  from other sources. Having regard to the facts as found by the Tribunal, we have no hesitation in coming to the conclusion that the surplus that was realised on the sale of the land during the assessment years in question was in the nature of  capital gains.

14.

We accordingly answer the question of law  referred in the affirmative.  The Reference shall accordingly stand disposed of. There shall be no order as to costs. ( Dr.D.Y.Chandrachud, J.) ( R.D.Dhanuka, J. ) Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:41:40 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

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