GODREJ AND BOYCE MFG. CO. LTD. vs. DY. CIT RG. 10 (2) AND ANR.

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ITXA/626/2010HC Bombay12 August 2010Bench: HON'BLE SHRI JUSTICE DR. D.Y. CHANDRACHUD, HON'BLE SHRI JUSTICE J.P. DEVADHAR122 pages
AI SummaryRemanded

What did the High Court hold?

The High Court held that dividend income and income from mutual funds falling under Section 10(33) are not includible in the total income of the assessee. Consequently, no deduction is allowed for expenditure incurred in relation to such income under Section 14A(1). The Court found that the payment of additional income tax under Section 115O(1) by a domestic company is a charge on its profits, and the company is taxed as a distinct entity. In the hands of the shareholder, dividend income does not form part of total income due to Section 10(33), and the same applies to mutual fund income. The Court upheld the constitutional validity of sub-sections (2) and (3) of Section 14A and found Rule 8D to be neither ultra vires Section 14A nor violative of Article 14. However, Rule 8D, notified on March 24, 2008, applies from AY 2008-09. For AY 2002-03, the AO must enforce Section 14A(1) by determining expenditure in relation to non-taxable income using a reasonable basis after providing the assessee an opportunity to present its case. The proceedings for AY 2002-03 were remanded back to the AO for fresh determination, allowing the AO to adopt a reasonable basis for apportionment after giving the assessee a reasonable opportunity.

What were the facts?

The assessee, Godrej & Boyce Mfg.Co.Ltd., for Assessment Year (AY) 2002-03, claimed dividend income of Rs. 34.34 crores as exempt under Section 10(33) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, and contended no expenditure was incurred for earning it. The Assessing Officer (AO) disallowed Rs. 6.92 crores as expenses attributable to this dividend income. The Commissioner (Appeals) deleted this disallowance, following prior decisions for AY 1998-99 and 1999-2000. The Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT), however, following its decision in Daga Capital Management Private Limited, held that sub-sections (2) and (3) of Section 14A are procedural and retrospective. It noted the AO had not examined the assessee's claim with reference to accounts under Section 14A(2) and remanded the proceedings back to the AO for fresh examination.

What were the issues?

1. Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances, the Tribunal ought to have held that since the assessment order only raised the issue of quantum of exemption under Section 10(33) and not disallowance of expenditure, the Revenue could not expand the scope of appeal by invoking Section 14A to disallow expenditure? (Question of law) 2. Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances, the Tribunal ought to have held that no disallowance could be made under Section 14A and erred in setting aside the issue relating to calculation of disallowance under Section 14A to the AO? (Question of law) 3. Whether the Tribunal erred in directing the AO to apply Rule 8D for computing the amount of disallowance under Section 14A? (Question of law) Assessee's contentions: (i) Section 14A cannot be invoked for dividend income and mutual fund income as the provision requires income to be exempt or tax-free, which is not the case. (ii) A literal interpretation of Section 14A, despite Section 10(33) excluding dividend and mutual fund income from total income, would lead to unintended consequences and should be disregarded. (iii) Sub-sections (2) and (3) of Section 14A and Rule 8D are not retrospective and thus not applicable to AY 2002-03. (iv) Sub-sections (2) and (3) of Section 14A are arbitrary and violative of Article 14 of the Constitution; Rule 8D is ultra vires Section 14A(2) and also arbitrary and violative of Article 14. (v) There was no factual basis for disallowance, and the Tribunal's order of remand was unwarranted. Revenue's contentions: (i) Section 14A is applicable to dividend income and income from mutual funds as these are not includible in total income. (ii) Sub-sections (2) and (3) of Section 14A are procedural and retrospective in nature, and Rule 8D is also retrospective. (iii) The decisions in Sridev Enterprises, Munjal Sales Corporation, and Radhasoami Satsang, requiring consistency in the revenue's approach, do not apply due to the material change introduced by Section 14A. (iv) The AO has the power to determine disallowance under Section 14A(1) and can adopt a reasonable basis for apportionment.

Which sections of the Income-tax Act were involved?

Section 14A,Section 10(33),Section 115O

AI-generated summary — verify with the full judgment below

VBC 1 ITXA626.10 IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY O. O. C. J. INCOME TAX APPEAL NO.626 OF 2010 AND WRIT PETITION NO.758 OF 2010 ITXA 626/10 : Godrej & Boyce Mfg.Co.Ltd. Mumbai. ...Appellant. Vs. Dy. Commissioner of Income Tax, Range 10(2), Mumbai & Anr. ...Respondents. .... W.P. 758/10 : Godrej & Boyce Mfg.Co.Ltd. Mumbai. ...Petitioner. Vs. Dy. Commissioner of Income Tax, Range 10(2), Mumbai & Ors. ...Respondents. .... Mr.S.E.Dastur,   Sr.Advocate   with   Mr.P.J.Pardiwala,   Sr.Advocate, Mr.Nitesh Joshi i/b. Mr.Atul K. Jasani  for the Appellant in ITXA 626/10, and Petitioner in W.P.758/10. Mr.Porus F.Kaka, Sr.Advocate with Mr.Divyesh Chawla i/b. Mr.Atul K.Jasani for the Intervenor. Mr.Darius J.Khambata, ASG with Mr.Rohan J.Cama, Mr.J.S.Saluja, Mr.Suresh Kumar and Mr.P.S.Sahadevan for the Respondents in all matters. ..... CORAM : DR.D.Y.CHANDRACHUD AND J.P.DEVADHAR,  JJ. August 12, 2010. JUDGMENT (PER DR.D.Y.CHANDRACHUD, J.) : CNR No : HCBM020009712010 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 2 ITXA626.10 A. The gist of the case : 1. Section 14A(1) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 stipulates that in computing the total income of an assessee, no deduction shall be allowed in respect of expenditure incurred by the assessee in relation to “income which does not form part of the total income under this Act.”   Sub­section (2) enables the Assessing Officer to determine the amount of expenditure incurred in relation to such income which does not form part of the total income in accordance with the method that may be prescribed by the Rules made under the Act if the Assessing Officer is not satisfied with the correctness of the claim of the assessee, having regard to the accounts of the assessee. By sub­section (3), the provisions of sub­section (2) are also to apply to a situation in which the assessee claims that no expenditure has been incurred in relation to  income which does not form part of the total income under the Act.   Section 14A was introduced by an amendment to the Finance Act of 2001 with retrospective effect from 1 April 1962.   Sub­sections (2) and (3) were inserted by the Finance Act of 2006 with effect from 1 April 2007. Rule 8D of the Income Tax Rules prescribes the method for determining the expenditure incurred in relation to income which Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 3 ITXA626.10 does not form part of the total income, where the Assessing Officer is not satisfied with the claim of the assessee.  Rule 8D was notified in the Official Gazette of 24 March 2008.  By Section 10(33) – as it stood   during  Assessment   Year  2002­03   ­     income   by   way   of dividend referred to in Section 115­O was not to be included in computing the total income of any person for a previous year. Similarly,   income received in respect of a mutual fund is not includible in the total income. (Analogous provisions have since incorporated into clauses 34 and 35 of Section 10). 2. For Assessment  Year 2002­03, the assessee claimed a dividend of Rs. 34.34 crores as being exempt from the total taxable income.    The assessee contended  that it had not incurred any expenditure   for   earning   the   dividend   income   and   that   no disallowance   was   warranted.   The   Assessing   Officer   made   a disallowance of Rs. 6.92 crores towards  expenses attributed to the earning   of   the   dividend   income.     The   Commissioner   (Appeals) following   earlier   decisions   in   the   case   of   the   assessee   for Assessment   Years   1998­99   and   1999­2000   held   that   no expenditure   was   attributable   to   the   earning   of   the   dividend Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 4 ITXA626.10 received and consequently, deleted the disallowance.  The Tribunal by its judgment impugned in the appeal held, following its decision in the case of  Daga Capital Management Private Limited,1 that sub­sections (2) and (3) of Section 14A are  procedural in nature and   have   retrospective   effect.     The   Tribunal   noted   that   the Assessing Officer had not examined  the correctness of the claim of the assessee with reference to the accounts of the assessee,  having regard to the provisions of Section 14A(2).  The proceedings were remanded back to the Assessing Officer  for a fresh examination on the basis of the provisions of Section 14A(2). 3. The  assessee   is  in  appeal   against   the  decision   of   the Tribunal – and has raised the following substantial questions of law: “(A)  Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the Tribunal ought to have held that as the limited   issue   raised   by   Respondent   No.1   in   the assessment   order   was   as   to   the   quantum   of   the exemption under Section 10(33) that was available and not   to   disallow   any   part   of   the   expenditure   claimed, hence it was not open to the Revenue to expand the scope of appeal by invoking the provisions of Section 14A of the Act to disallow the expenditure incurred; 1 117 ITD 169 (Mum) Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 5 ITXA626.10 (B)  Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case,   the   Tribunal   ought   to   have   held   that   no disallowance could be made under Section 14A of the Act and hence erred in setting aside the issue relating to calculation of disallowance under Section 14A of the Act to  Respondent No.1; (C)  Whether the Tribunal erred in directing Respondent No.1 to apply Rule 8D of the Rules for computing the amount of disallowance under Section 14A of the Act.” The assessee has, in addition, filed a Petition under Article 226 of the Constitution in order to challenge the constitutional validity of the provisions of Section 14A and of Rule 8D.  Notice was issued to the Attorney General of India.  Rule shall issue on the petition. In view of the importance of the question involved, Counsel for the Assessee and the Additional Solicitor General of India have agreed to the final disposal of the appeal and the Petition at this stage. 4. Broadly   speaking,   the   submissions   which   have   been urged   on   behalf   of   the   assessee   can   be   classified   under   the following heads: ­(i) Section   14A cannot be invoked in respect of dividend income from shares and mutual fund income for the reason that for Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 6 ITXA626.10 the provision to be attracted, income must be exempt from tax or must be tax free which it has been urged,  is not the case; ­(ii) Even if a literal interpretation of Section 14A suggests that   the   provision   applies   because   income   from   dividends   and mutual   funds   is   not   to  be   included   while   computing   the   total income   under   Section   10(33),   a   literal   interpretation   of   the provisions would give rise to unintended consequences and must, therefore, be disregarded; ­(iii) The provisions of sub­sections (2) and (3) of Section 14A and of Rule 8D are not retrospective and can have no application to Assessment Year 2002­03; ­(iv) (a) Sub­sections (2) and (3) of Section 14A are arbitrary and violative of Article 14 of the Constitution; (b) The provisions of Rule 8D are ultra vires sub­section (2) of Section 14A and are even otherwise arbitrary and violative of Article 14 ; and Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 7 ITXA626.10 ­(v) On the facts of this case, there was no factual basis for effecting the disallowance and an order of remand by the Tribunal was not warranted. B.  FACTS : 5. The assessee filed its return of income for Assessment Year 2002­03 on 29 October 2002, declaring a loss of Rs. 45.90 crores.  The assessee had claimed a dividend of Rs. 34.34 crores as exempt   from   the   total   taxable   income   under   Section     10(33). During the course of  scrutiny proceedings, the assessee was called upon   to   explain   why   the   net   dividend   income   from   tax   free securities should not be exempted instead of the gross dividend receipts as claimed in the return.  In its reply dated 25 November 2004, the assessee claimed that a major portion of its dividend amounting   to   Rs.   19.86   crores   was   received   from     group Companies and of the total shares, 95% consisted of Bonus Shares for which no cost had been incurred.  The shares of  Godrej Soaps Limited were stated to have been acquired several years earlier, the assessee   being   a   promoter   of   that   Company.       The   assessee Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 8 ITXA626.10 contended that at no stage in the past, “except in a few recent Assessment Years, has the Income Tax Department attributed any interest   or   expenditure   towards   the   earning   of   this   dividend income”.   The assessee contended that it had reserves of  Rs.274 crores and   capital of Rs. 6.55 crores  which would be more than adequate to cover the investments.   The Assessing Officers were, according to the assessee,   satisfied in the earlier years with its explanation and it was contended that there was consequently no allocation of interest to the earning of dividend income.   During the year in question, the assessee claimed that it had not invested any amount  in investments on which  income was exempt under Section 10(33) and  it had disposed of some of its investments at a substantial profit. 6. The Assessing Officer observed that in the common pool of funds, it was difficult to ascertain whether investments had been made   out   of   internal   accruals   or   from   borrowed   funds.     The Assessing Officer was of the view that if the assessee had not made investments in these securities, it would not have been required to borrow funds to that extent and consequently, the interest burden Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 9 ITXA626.10 could have been reduced.    On this basis, the Assessing Officer concluded that a part of the interest payment pertained to  funds utilized for the purpose of investment in shares.     The interest charged to the profit and loss account of Rs. 51.71 crores   was bifurcated in the proportion between  investments attributable to dividend receipts   (Rs. 125.54 crores) to the total assets of the assessee (Rs. 938.11 crores).  On this basis, the interest attributable to  dividend receipts was computed at Rs. 6.92 crores which was disallowed. 7, In   appeal,   the   assessee   admitted   that   the   exemption under Section   10(33) was to be allowed only on net dividend income.     The   assessee,   however,   contended   that   it   was   not permissible   to   notionally   ascribe   expenses   to   the   earning   of dividend income when in actual fact no  expenses were incurred. The shares, according to the assessee, were acquired several years earlier  out   of   generated  income  and  no  expenses   were   in  fact incurred for the acquisition of the shares.   Consequently, it was urged   that  if   the   Assessing   Officer   sought   to  apportion   certain expenses towards the earning of dividend income, the onus was on Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 10 ITXA626.10 him to show that expenses had actually been incurred for earning dividend income.  The Commissioner (Appeals) held that the issue had been considered by the Tribunal in the case of the assessee for Assessment Years 1998­99 and 1999­2000 where it had been held that no expenditure could be notionally attributed to the earning of dividend income.   Following the decision of the Tribunal in the earlier Assessment Years, the Commissioner (Appeals) directed the Assessing Officer to consider the whole of the dividend receipts of Rs. 34.34 crores as exempt under Section  10(33). 8. The Tribunal noted that in its decision in Daga Capital Management Private Limited, the provisions of sub­sections (2) and (3) of Section 14A had been held to be procedural in nature and hence retrospective.  The Tribunal observed that  the Assessing Officer would determine the   expenditure incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under Sub­ section (2), only where  he was not satisfied with the correctness of the claim of the assessee.  The Assessing Officer had, as a matter of fact, not considered Section 14A(2) since it had not been enacted on the date when the order was passed.  On the view which the Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 11 ITXA626.10 Tribunal took, it directed the Assessing Officer to examine the issue afresh in the light of the specific provision contained in Section 14A(2). C.  The Challenges considered : 9. At this stage now, it would be appropriate to consider the challenges taken up on behalf of the assessee and, as we deal with them,   we   consider   the   submissions   of   the   assessee   and   the arguments in defence of the Additional Solicitor General for the Union of India. C1. Whether   Section   14A   is   attracted   in   the   case   of dividend income received from shares and income from mutual funds: ­10. The submission of the assessee is that (i) Section 14A was inserted to overcome the decisions of the Supreme Court in CIT vs. Maharashtra Sugar Mills Limited,  2   and in  Rajastan State Warehousing Corporation vs. C.I.T.3    In the former case, 2 82 ITR 452 3 242 ITR 450 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 12 ITXA626.10 managing agency commission though partly relatable to earning agricultural income was permitted in its entirety as a deduction from   taxable   income   and   in   the   latter   case,   expenditure   was allowed, even though relatable to exempt warehousing income as well as the taxable interest and other income; (ii) Dividend income and income   from   mutual  funds   cannot   be  regarded   as  exempt income.   Tax  on   dividends   declared,   distributed   or   paid   by   the Company is imposed   under Section   115­O and similar is the position   of   mutual   funds   under   Section     115R.     Hence,   when Section 10(33) provides that such income shall not be included as income of the shareholder/Unit holder, it does not mean that this is exempt   income   or   income   which   is   not   charged   to   tax;   (iii) Applying Heydon’s rule of interpreting statutes and considering the object of inserting Section 14A, the phrase “does not form part of the total income” should be read as equivalent to exempt income; (iv) Dividend from shares or income from units of mutual funds are not exempt income as they are charged to tax under Sections  115­ O and 115R on the declaration of the dividend by a Company or, as the case may be, the distribution of income by a mutual fund.  Tax is charged on such independent streams of income under Sections Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 13 ITXA626.10 115­O and 115R and is collected from the payers.  This method of collection had been adopted by the Legislature in the interest of efficiency and to avoid paper work.  The exemption from tax under Section   10(33) in the hands of shareholders/unit holders was enacted to obviate a double taxation of the same stream of income, once in the hands of the payer and thereafter in the hands of the recipient.     Section 10(33) was enacted because tax on dividend has already been collected from the dividend paying Company; and (v)   There   is   a   specific   charge   independent   of   the   Company’s liability to pay tax under Section  4. Apportionment: ­11. In   certain   statutory   contexts,   rules   of   apportionment were recognized by judicial decisions in India.   In  Madras Co­ operative Central Land Mortgage Bank Ltd. vs. Commissioner of Income Tax4, the Supreme Court considered the provisions of Section  14(3) of the Income  Tax Act,  1922. Income of a Co­ operative Society from its trading activity being exempt from tax, the income of the assessee from Government securities had to be 4 AIR 1968 SC 55. Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 14 ITXA626.10 apportioned between income earned from investment for trading purposes and for non­trading purposes.   There was no statutory rule   and   no   departmental   instructions   governing   the apportionment   of   income   from   Government   securities   between business and non­business sources of income.  The Supreme Court held that nonetheless a rule of apportionment would have to be applied: “It was never urged, and it cannot be urged, that in the absence of a specific rule for apportionment, the entire income from Government securities should be brought to tax.     Any   attempt   to   bring   the   entire   income   from Government securities would infringe Section 14(3) of the   Act.     A   rule   of   apportionment   consistent   with commercial accounting must be evolved for determining the income from Government securities attributable to business activity of the society.” The   Supreme   Court   held   that   a   rule   of   apportionment   which dismembers income in proportion to the business and non­business components of the single source from which it arises would be more consistent with the principles of commercial accounting.  The proportion of income from securities which is exempt from taxation under Section 14(3) was held to be that proportion which the capital of the society used for the purpose of business bears to the Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 15 ITXA626.10 total working capital. ­12. A Division Bench of this Court presided over by Chief Justice  M.C.Chagla,  in  the  Broach Co­operative Bank Ltd. vs. Commissioner of Income Tax5,   upheld the application of the principle of apportionment by the Tribunal.  While construing the first proviso to Section 8 of the Income Tax Act, 1922, the Division Bench held that it applied only to securities which are not tax free and,   therefore,     the   only   right   of   the   assessee   was   to   claim deduction  with  regard  to interest  on  monies   borrowed  by  him where he utilized those monies  in investing them in securities on which   he   has   got   to   pay   tax,   but   if   the   assessee   used   money borrowed by him in investment of tax free securities, he could not claim a deduction given to him under the first proviso. ­13. In order to consider the merits of the submissions which have been urged on behalf of the assessee, it would be necessary to advert to the background underlying the enactment of Section 14A. 5 (1949) Vol.II B.L.R. 718. Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 16 ITXA626.10 14. In  C.I.T.   vs.   Indian   Bank   Limited,6    the   assessee, carried on the business of banking and the interest received on its investment   in Government securities   was exempt from income tax.     The   assessee   claimed   a   deduction   of   interest   paid   to depositors under Section  10(2)(iii) of the Income Tax Act, 1922. The Assessing Officer, Appellate Commissioner and the Tribunal disallowed a portion of that on the ground   that it was paid on money   borrowed   for   investment   in   tax   free   securities.       The Revenue urged before the Supreme Court that there was a general principle that no expenditure can be allowed as a deduction from the profits of a business unless that part of the business to which the expenditure is attributable is capable of producing income or profits liable to tax.    The Supreme Court held that there was no basis   to   look   behind   the   expenditure   and   to   determine   as   to whether it had the quality of producing taxable income.  What was required to be ascertained under Section  10(2)(xv) was whether the   expenditure   had   been   laid   out   or   expended   wholly   and exclusively for the purpose of business.   The Supreme Court held that Parliament had not contemplated an enquiry on whether the 6 AIR 1965 SC 1473 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 17 ITXA626.10 expenditure had produced or will produce taxable income. 15. In   a   subsequent   decision   in    C.I.T.   vs.   Maharashtra Sugar Mills Limited,7   the Supreme Court decided   whether a portion  of    managing   agency  commission  paid   by  the  assessee could be disallowed while computing  income from business.  The finding of the Tribunal was that the cultivation of sugarcane and the   manufacture   of   sugar   constituted   one   indivisible   business. According to the Revenue, the business consisted of two parts, namely, cultivation of sugarcane and the manufacture of sugar. The   former   being   agricultural,   the   resultant   income     was   not assessable to tax and according to the Revenue the expenditure incurred on that activity was not deductible.  The Supreme Court held   that   the   contention   proceeded   on   the   basis   that   only expenditure incurred in respect of a business activity giving rise to income, profits or gains taxable under the Act was allowable as a deduction and not otherwise.  The Supreme Court noted that it was not   disputed   that   cultivation   of   sugarcane   and   manufacture   of sugar constituted   one indivisible business.   Hence, the profits in 7 (1971) 3 SCC 543 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 18 ITXA626.10 respect of the business had to be computed after deducting the allowance  under Section  10(2) including  expenditure laid out or expended wholly and exclusively for the purpose of business.  The allowance claimed was held to have been laid out or expended for the purpose of the business of the assessee and the fact that the income arising from a part of the business was not assessable to tax was held not to be a relevant circumstance. 16. In  Waterfall Estate Ltd. vs. C.I.T.,8     a finding of fact was entered by the Tribunal that the coffee curing works and estate of the assessee constituted separate and distinct activities.  On this basis, the  Supreme Court held that the decision in  Maharashtra Sugar was distinguishable. 17. In   a   subsequent   decision   in Rajasthan   State Warehousing Corporation vs. C.I.T.9,  a disallowance was effected by the Assessing Officer of such part of the expenditure which was allocable to exempt  warehousing income.   The Tribunal and the High Court confirmed the disallowance.  Allowing the appeal, the 8 (1996) 8 SCC 509 9 2000 (109) Taxman 145 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 19 ITXA626.10 Supreme Court held as follows : “(i)   if income   of  an assessee   is  derived  from  various heads   of   income,   he   is   entitled   to   claim   deduction permissible under the respective head, whether or not computation under each head results in taxable income; (ii) if income of an assessee arises under any of the heads of income but from different items, e.g. different house properties or different securities, etc., and income from one or more items alone is taxable whereas income from the   other   item   is   exempt   under   the   Act,   the   entire permissible expenditure in earning the income from that head is deductible; and (iii)   in   computing   ‘profits   and   gains   of   business   or profession’ when an assessee is carrying on business in various ventures and some among them yield taxable income   and   the   others   do   not,   the   question   of allowability of the expenditure under section 37 of the Act will depend on : (a) fulfilment of requirements of that provision noted above; and (b) on the fact whether all   the   ventures   carried   on   by   him     constituted   one indivisible   business   or   not;   if   they   do,   the   entire expenditure will be a permissible deduction but if they do not, the principle of apportionment of the expenditure will apply because there will be no nexus between the expenditure   attributable   to   the   venture   not   forming integral part of the business and the expenditure sought to   be   deducted   as   the   business   expenditure   of   the assessee” In that case, the business of the assessee being one and indivisible, the Supreme Court held that it was not open to the Revenue to disallow a portion of the expenditure. Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 20 ITXA626.10 18. The principle of law which emerged from these cases was that  in the  case  of   a composite   and  individual  business   which earned both taxable and non­taxable income,  expenditure incurred towards   non­taxable   income   could   not   be   isolated   by apportionment and a disallowance could not be made.  However, apportionment   of   expenditure   was   permissible   when   the   non­ taxable income arose from a separate business or under a different head of income. Enactment of Section 14A : 19. By the Finance Act of 2001, Parliament enacted Section 14A with retrospective effect from 1 April 1962  to amend the law by taking away the basis of the judgments of the Supreme Court in Indian   Bank,   Maharashtra   Sugar   and   Rajasthan   State Warehousing Corporation.    As it was initially enacted, Section 14A postulated that for the purpose of computing the total income under the Chapter, no deduction shall be allowed in respect of expenditure incurred by an assessee in relation to income which does   not   form   part   of   the   total   income   under   the   Act.     The Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 21 ITXA626.10 Memorandum explaining the provisions of the Finance Bill of 2001 provided the following rationale for the insertion of Section 14A: “Certain incomes are not includible while computing the total   income   as   these   are   exempt   under   various provisions  of  the  Act.     There  have   been  cases  where deductions have been claimed in respect of such exempt income.  This in effect means that the tax incentive given by way of exemptions to certain categories of income is being used to reduce also the tax payable on the non­ exempt income by debiting the expenses incurred to earn the   exempt   income   against   taxable   income.     This   is against the basic principles of taxation whereby only the net income, i.e., gross income minus the expenditure is taxed.   On the same analogy, the exemption is also in respect of the net income.   Expenses incurred can be allowed   only   to   the   extent   they   are   relatable   to   the earning of taxable income. It is proposed to insert a new section 14A so as to   clarify   the   intention   of   the   Legislature   since   the inception of the Income Tax Act, 1961, that no deduction shall be made in respect of any expenditure incurred by the assessee in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Income Tax Act. The   proposed   amendment   will   take   effect retrospectively from 1st April, 1962 and will accordingly, apply in relation to the assessment year 1962­1963 and subsequent assessment years.” The   basic   object   of   Section   14A   is   to   disallow   the   direct   and indirect expenditure incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income.  In view of Section 10(33) inserted Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 22 ITXA626.10 by the Finance Act 1997 w.e.f. 1 April 1998, incomes by way of dividends referred to in Section 115­O are not includible in the total income.   Section 14A inserted by Finance Act 2001 directs disallowance of the expenditure incurred in relation to dividends referred to in Section 115­O in certain cases. 20. Prior   to   the   insertion   of   Section   14A,   the Revenue   had   sought   to   disallow   the   expenditure   incurred   in relation   to   exempt   income.     However,   the   Supreme   Court   in Maharashtra   Sugar  and   in  Rajasthan   State   Warehousing Corporation  held   that   where   there   is   one   indivisible   business giving rise to taxable income as well as exempt income, the entire expenditure incurred in relation to that business would have to be allowed even if a part of the income earned from the business is exempt from tax. Section 14A has been enacted to overcome these judicial pronouncements. 21. The   insertion   of   Section   14A   was     curative   and declaratory of the intent of the Parliament.  The basic principle of taxation is that only   net income, namely,   gross income minus Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 23 ITXA626.10 expenditure that is taxable.     Expenses incurred can be allowed only to the extent that they are relatable to the earning of  taxable income.  However, assesses had claimed deductions  in respect of income which was exempt under various provisions of the Act as a result   of   which   the   tax   incentive   given   in   respect   of   certain categories  of income which  were exempt was being utilized to reduce   the   tax   payable   on   non­exempt   income.       This   being contrary to legislative intent, Section 14A was inserted in order to restore   the   legal   position   consistent   with   Parliamentary   intent. Declaratory   or   curative   amendments   are   construed   to   be retrospective   because   they   authoritatively   set   forth   the   original legislative intent.   Parliament placed the matter beyond doubt by legislating upon Section 14A with retrospective effect from 1 April 1962.  This was also amplified in CBDT Circular 14 of 2001. 22. Consequent   upon   the   enactment   of   Section   14A,   the position as it has emerged in law is that no deduction can be allowed   in   respect   of   expenditure   incurred   by   an   assessee   in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under   the   Act.   Section   14A,   has   the   effect   of   broadening   or Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 24 ITXA626.10 widening the earlier position.  The consequence of the insertion of Section 14A has been dealt with in a judgment of the Supreme Court  in  C.I.T. vs. Walfort Share and Stock Private Limited, delivered on 6 July 2010.10    In Walfort, the assessee who was a member of the Stock Exchange, purchased units of a Mutual Fund on 24 March 2000 upon which it became entitled to a dividend of Rs.1.82 crores.  As a result of a  payout of the dividend, the NAV of the  mutual fund  which was Rs.17.23 per unit  on 24 March 2000, stood reduced to   Rs.13.23  per unit on 27 March  2000.   The assessee in the return claimed a deduction of Rs.1.82 crores    as exempt from tax under Section 10(33) but also claimed a set off of the loss incurred  on the sale of the units.  This was disallowed by the Assessing Officer on the ground that the transaction was in the nature of dividend stripping.  The disallowance was deleted by the Tribunal whose decision was confirmed by the High Court.   The main issue before the Supreme Court  was whether the loss on the sale of the units could be considered as expenditure in relation to earning dividend income exempt under Section 10(33) and hence disallowable under Section 14A.   The Revenue claimed that the 10 Civil Appeal 4927 of 2010 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 25 ITXA626.10 differential between the purchase and the sale price of the units constituted   expenditure incurred by the assessee for earning tax free income and was liable to be disallowed under Section 14A. The   Supreme   Court   explained   the   reason   for   the   insertion   of Section 14A thus: “The insertion of Section 14A with retrospective effect is the serious attempt on the part of the Parliament not to allow deduction in respect of any expenditure incurred by the assessee in relation to income, which does not form part of the total income under the Act against the taxable   income   (see   Circular   No.14   of   2001   dated 22.11.2001).  In other words, Section 14A clarifies that expenses incurred can be allowed only to the extent they are relatable to the earning of taxable income.  In many cases the nature of expenses incurred by the assessee may be relatable partly to the exempt income and partly to the taxable income.   In the absence of Section 14A, the expenditure incurred in respect of exempt income was being claimed against taxable income.  The mandate of Section 14A is clear.  It desires to curb the practice to claim   deduction   of   expenses   incurred   in   relation   to exempt income against taxable income and at the same time   avail   the   tax   incentive   by   way   of   exemption   of exempt income without making any apportionment of expenses incurred in relation to exempt income.   The basic reason for insertion of Section 14A is that certain incomes are not includible while computing total income as these are exempt under certain provisions of the Act. In the past, there have been cases in which deduction has been sought in respect of such incomes which in effect would mean that tax incentives to certain incomes was being used to reduce the tax payable on the non­exempt income by debiting the expenses, incurred to earn the exempt   income,   against   taxable   income.     The   basic Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 26 ITXA626.10 principle of taxation is to tax the net income, i.e., gross income minus the expenditure.  On the same analogy the exemption is also in respect of net income.   Expenses allowed  can  only  be  in  respect   of  earning  of  taxable income. This is the purport of Section 14A.” During the course of this judgment, it would be necessary to revisit the   decision   of   the   Supreme   Court   in  Walfort.     At   this   stage, however, it needs to be emphasized that the provisions of Section 14A were construed in Walfort to evince the Parliamentary intent not to allow deduction in respect of any expenditure incurred by the assessee in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Act against taxable income.  Section 14A is clarificatory of the position that expenses can be allowed only to the extent that they are relatable to the earning of taxable income. Only those expenses which are in respect of the earning of taxable income can be allowed.  That Section 14A broadens the theory of apportionment of  expenditure  between taxable  and non­taxable income is evident from the following observations of the Supreme Court: “The theory of apportionment of expenditures between taxable   and   non­taxable   has,   in   principle,   been   now widened   under   Section   14A.     Reading   Section   14   in Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 27 ITXA626.10 juxtaposition with Sections 15 to 59, it is clear that the words “expenditure incurred” in Section 14A refers to expenditure   on   rent,   taxes,   salaries,   interest   etc.   in respect   of   which   allowances   are   provided   for   (see Sections 30 to 37).” On facts, the Supreme Court held that an expenditure is a payout which relates to disbursement.  A pay back to the assessee was not an expenditure incurred within the meaning of Section 14A. 23. The judgment of the Supreme Court in  Walfort  is also significant on another aspect of the controversy in the present case. Section 14 of the Act specifies five heads of income which are chargeable to tax.   Income to be taxable must fall for classification under one of those five heads, namely, (i) Salaries; (ii) Income from   house   property;   (iii)   Profits   and   gains   of   business   or profession; (iv) Capital gains; and (v) Income from other sources. Sections 15 to 59 lay down the rules for computing income for the purpose of chargeability to tax under those heads.  As a result of Section 14A, the permissible deductions can be allowed only with reference to income which is brought under one of those heads and Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 28 ITXA626.10 is chargeable to tax.  If an income does not form part of the total income, then the related expenditure is liable to be disallowed. The test which has been enunciated in Walfort for attracting the provisions of Section 14A is that “there has to be a proximate cause for   disallowance   which   is   its   relationship   with   the   tax   exempt income”.     Once   the   test   of   proximate   cause,   based   on   the relationship   of   the   expenditure   with   tax   exempt   income   is established,   a   disallowance   would   have   to   be   effected   under Section 14A. 24. The following principles would emerge from Section 14A and the decision in Walfort: ­(a) The mandate of Section 14A is to prevent claims  for deduction of expenditure in relation to income which does not form part of the total income of the assessee; ­(b) Section 14A(1) is enacted to ensure that only expenses incurred in  respect of  earning  taxable income are allowed; ­(c) The principle of apportionment of expenses is widened Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 29 ITXA626.10 by Section 14A to include even the apportionment of expenditure between taxable and non­taxable income of an indivisible business; ­(d) The basic principle of taxation is to tax net income.  This principle   applies   even   for   the   purposes   of   Section   14A   and expenses towards non­taxable income must be excluded; ­(e) Once a proximate cause for disallowance is established – which is the relationship of the expenditure with income which does not form part of the total income – a disallowance has to be effected.  All expenditure incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the provisions of the Act has to be disallowed under Section 14A.  Income which does not form part of the total income is broadly adverted to as exempt income as an abbreviated appellation. Insertion of Sub­sections (2) and (3) to Section 14A : 25. Sub­sections (2) and (3) of Section 14A were inserted by an amendment brought about by the Finance Act of 2006 with Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 30 ITXA626.10 effect from   1 April 2007.   Sub­sections (2) and (3) provide as follows : “14A(2)   The  Assessing   Officer   shall   determine   the amount   of   expenditure   incurred   in   relation   to   such income which does not form part of the total income under this Act in accordance with such method as may be prescribed, if the Assessing Officer, having regard to the accounts of the assessee, is not satisfied with the correctness of the claim of the assessee in respect of such expenditure in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under this Act. (3) The provisions of sub­section (2) shall also apply in relation   to   a   case   where   an   assessee   claims   that   no expenditure   has   been   incurred   by   him   in   relation   to income which does not form part of the total income under this Act: Provided that nothing contained in this section shall empower the Assessing Officer either to reassess under   section   147   or   pass   an   order   enhancing   the assessment   or   reducing   a   refund   already   made   or otherwise increasing the liability of the assessee under Section 154   for any assessment year beginning on or before the 1st day of April, 2001.” (The proviso was inserted earlier by the Finance Act of 2002 with retrospective effect  from 11.5.2001) Under   sub­section   (2),   the   Assessing   Officer   is   required   to determine the amount of expenditure incurred by an assessee in relation to such income which does not form   part of the total Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 31 ITXA626.10 income under the Act in accordance with such method as may be prescribed.   The method, having regard to the meaning of the expression  ‘prescribed’ in Section 2(33),  must be prescribed by rules   made   under   the   Act.     What   merits   emphasis   is   that   the jurisdiction of the Assessing Officer to determine the expenditure incurred in relation to such income which does not form part of the total income, in accordance with the prescribed method, arises if the Assessing Officer is not satisfied with the correctness of the claim   of   the   assessee   in   respect   of   the   expenditure   which   the assessee claims to have incurred in relation to income which does not part of the total income.     Moreover, the satisfaction of the Assessing   Officer   has   to   be   arrived   at,     having   regard   to   the accounts of the assessee.   Hence, Sub section (2) does not  ipso facto enable the Assessing Officer to apply the method prescribed by the rules straightaway without considering whether the claim made by the assessee in respect of the expenditure incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income is correct.       The   Assessing   Officer   must,   in   the   first   instance, determine   whether   the   claim   of   the   assessee   in   that   regard   is correct and the determination must be made having  regard to the Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 32 ITXA626.10 accounts of the assessee.  The satisfaction of the Assessing Officer must be arrived at on an objective basis.     It is only when the Assessing Officer is not satisfied with the claim of the assessee, that the   legislature   directs   him   to   follow   the   method   that   may   be prescribed.     In   a   situation   where   the   accounts   of   the   assessee furnish an objective basis for the Assessing Officer  to arrive at a satisfaction in regard to the correctness of the claim of the assessee of the expenditure which has been incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income,  there would be no warrant for taking recourse to the method prescribed by the rules. For, it is only in the event of the Assessing Officer not being so satisfied that recourse to the prescribed method is mandated by law.  Sub section (3) of Section 14A provides for the application of sub section (2) also to a situation where the assessee claims that no expenditure has been incurred by him in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Act.  Under the proviso,  it has  been stipulated that nothing in the section  will empower the Assessing Officer, for an Assessment Year beginning on or before  1 April 2001 either to reassess under Section 147 or pass an order enhancing the assessment or reducing the refund Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 33 ITXA626.10 already made or otherwise increasing the liability of the assessee under Section 154. 26. The circumstances in which the provisions of sub sections (2) and (3) were introduced by an amendment have been adverted to in a circular of the CBDT dated 28 December 2006.11     The circular notes that in the existing provisions of Section 14A no method   for   computing   the   expenditure   incurred   in   relation   to income which does not form part of the total income had been provided.  As a result there was a considerable dispute between tax payers   and   the   Revenue   on   the   method   of   determining   such expenditure.  In this background, sub section (2) was inserted so as to make it mandatory for the Assessing Officer to determine the amount of expenditure incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income in accordance with the method that may be prescribed.    The circular, however, reiterates that the Assessing Officer has to follow the prescribed method if he is not satisfied with the correctness of the claim of the assessee having regard to the accounts of the assessee. 11 Circular 14 of 2006 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 34 ITXA626.10 Section 115­O : 27. The submission which has been urged on behalf of the assessee is that Section 14A has no application either to dividend income or to income from mutual funds.  The submission proceeds on the basis that the words “in relation to income which does not form   part   of   the   total   income   under   this   Act”   can   have   no application  to dividend income  from  shares  or to income  from mutual funds for the reason that such income is not exempt from income tax, but is subject to tax under Section 115­O and Section 115R. 28. Now,   Sub­section     (1)   of   Section   115­O   prior   to   its substitution by the Finance Act of 2003 with effect from 1 April 2003, provided as follows : “(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other provision of this Act and subject to the provisions of this section,   in   addition   to   the   income­tax   chargeable   in respect of the total income of a domestic company for any assessment year, any amount declared, distributed or paid by such company by way of dividends (whether interim or otherwise) on or after the 1st  day of June, 1997   but   on   or   before   the   31st  day   of   March,   2002, whether out of current or accumulated profits shall be Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 35 ITXA626.10 charged to additional income tax (hereinafter referred to as tax on distributed profits) at the rate of ten per cent.” Sub­section   (2)   of   Section   115­O   stipulates   that   the   tax   on distributed profits under sub­section (1) shall be payable by the company notwithstanding that no income  tax is payable    by a domestic company on its total income computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act.  Sub­sections (4) and (5) of Section 115­O provide as follows :­ “(4)   The   tax   on   distributed   profits   so   paid   by   the company shall be treated as the final payment of tax in respect of the amount declared, distributed or paid as dividends and no further credit therefor shall be claimed by the company or by any other person in respect of the amount of tax so paid. (5) No deduction under any other provision of this Act shall be allowed to the company or a shareholder in respect of the amount which has been charged to tax under sub­section (1) or the tax thereon.” Sub­section   (1)   of   Section   115­O   begins   with   a   non   obstante provision and stipulates that any amount declared, distributed or paid   by   a   company   by   way   of   dividends   shall   be   charged   to additional income tax: ‘Additional’ because this is in addition to Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 36 ITXA626.10 income   tax   chargeable   in   respect   of   the   total   income   of   the domestic company.   The total income of a domestic company is chargeable to income tax under the Act.  In addition, any amount declared, distributed or paid by such company by way of dividends is subjected to additional income tax at the stipulated rate.   The charge under sub section (1) of Section 115­O is on a component of the profits of the domestic company representing an amount declared, distributed or paid by way of dividend. 29. The plain meaning of Section 14A is that   no deduction can be allowed in respect of expenditure incurred by an assessee in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Act.   Section 10 provides for incomes which shall not be included in computing the total income of a previous year of any person.   Prior to the amendment brought about by the Finance Act of 2003 with effect from  1 April 2003, income by way of dividends referred to in Section 115­O and income received in respect of the units of a  mutual fund did not form part of the total income by virtue of the provisions of clause 33 of Section 10.  (Clause 33 of Section 10 was omitted by the Finance Act of 2003.   Clauses 34 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 37 ITXA626.10 and 35 which were inserted by the same Finance Act, now provide that income by way of dividends referred to in Section 115­O and income received in respect of the units of a mutual fund specified in clause 23(b) shall not be included in computing the total income of any person for the previous year).  Plainly dividend income and income from mutual funds are incomes which by virtue of the provisions of Section 10, do not form part of the total income under the Act.  Expenditure incurred in relation to the earning of such income has to be disallowed under Section 14A. 30. The submission which has been urged on behalf of the assessee is that the expression “income which does not form part of the total income” under the Act should be interpreted to mean income which is exempt from tax,  On this hypothesis, it has been urged that Section 14A will not apply to  dividend income because the Revenue has already received its share of tax. 31. The   submission   cannot   be   accepted.     The   expression “income which does not form part of the total income” under the Act must receive its plain and grammatical construction.   Such Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 38 ITXA626.10 income is income which is not includible in computing the total income   of   the   assessee   under   the   provisions   of   the   Act   for   a previous year. Now it is  trite law that under the Act, “it is  income that is taxed but it is not taxed in vacuo.  It is taxed in the hands of a person.”12    Section 2(45) defines the expression “total income” to mean  the total  amount  of   income   referred  to  in Section   5, computed in the manner laid down in the Act.  Section 4 charges the total income “of the previous year” of every person to income tax.  Section 5 makes a reference to the scope of the total income of any previous year of a person who is the recipient.   This is defined to include all income, from whatsoever sources derived, which is received or deemed to be received or which accrues or is deemed to have accrued in India or which accrues or arises outside India during the previous year. Section 10 defines those categories of income which shall not be included in computing the total income of the previous year of any person.  Income tax is a tax on income in the hands of the assessee.  Hence, when Section 14A disallows expenditure incurred by the assessee in relation to income which does not form part of the total income, it would include categories 12CIT vs. Indian Bank Limited, AIR 1965 SC 1473 at paragraph19 page 1476. Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 39 ITXA626.10 of income such as dividend from shares and income from mutual fund which under Section  10 are not to be included in the total income.   Since   dividend income and income from mutual funds are not included in the total income of the assessee, no deduction of expenditure is permissible under Section   14A(1). Sub­section (5) of Section 115­O stipulates that no deduction under any other provisions of the Act shall be allowed to the Company or to a shareholder in respect of the amount which has been charged to tax under sub­section (1) or the tax thereon. 32. The   tax   which   is   paid   by   the   Company   on   profits declared, distributed or paid by way of dividend is not a tax which is paid on behalf of the shareholder.  The company is liable to pay income tax in respect of its total income.  In addition to the income tax chargeable in respect of its total income, a domestic Company is charged with the payment of additional income tax, called a tax on distributed profits on any amount declared, distributed or paid by the Company by way of dividend.  The charge under sub­section (1)   of   Section   115­O   is   on   the   profits   of   the   Company;   more specifically on that part of the profits which is declared, distributed Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 40 ITXA626.10 or paid by way of dividend.  The charge under sub­section (1) of Section 115­O is not on income by way of dividend in the hands of the shareholder. T  he additional  income­tax payable on profits of a domestic

company under Section 115­O is not a tax on dividend 33. Section 115­O provides that a domestic company which declares, distributes or pays dividend out of current or accumulated profits,   shall,   apart   from   paying   tax   on   its   total   income,   pay additional   income­tax   on   the   amount   of   profits   declared, distributed or paid as dividend or after 1 April 2003. 34. To   illustrate,   if   Rs.1,000/­   is   the   total   income   of   a domestic company and out of the total income of Rs.1,000/­, Rs. 300/­   is   declared,   distributed   or   paid   as   dividend,   then   that domestic company is liable to pay income tax on the total income of Rs.1,000/­ at the rate specified under the relevant Finance Act and   is   further   liable   to   pay   additional   income­tax   at   the   rate prescribed under Section 115­O on the amount of profits declared, Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 41 ITXA626.10 distributed or paid as dividend. 35. Section 115­O has been enacted with a view to exempt dividend income.  Prior to the insertion of Section 115­O,  domestic companies were liable to pay tax on the total income (including profits distributed as dividends) and   shareholders were liable to pay   tax   on     dividend   income   received.     Domestic   companies distributing profits as dividends were liable to deduct tax at source and   shareholders  receiving  the  dividend  were  entitled to  take credit of such tax deducted at source. As this method was found to be cumbersome, Parliament chose  to exempt dividend income in the hands of the shareholder and chose to levy additional income­ tax   on   the   amount   of   profits   declared,   distributed   or   paid   as dividend by the domestic companies.   Thus, by inserting Section 115­O, additional income­tax is levied on the amount of profits declared, distributed or paid as dividend and by inserting Section 10(33) it is made clear that the dividends referred to in Section 115­O would be exempt from tax. Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 42 ITXA626.10 36. In Purushottamdas   Thakurdas   vs.   C.I.T.13 the Supreme   Court   construed   the   provisions   of   Section   16(2)   and Section 49B of the Indian Income Tax Act, 1922.  Sub­section (2) of Section 16 provided that any dividend shall be deemed to be income of the year in which it is paid regardless of the question as to when the profits out of which the dividend is paid were earned. By a deeming fiction  introduced by Section 49B,  when a dividend was paid to a shareholder by a Company which was assessed to tax, the income tax in respect of such dividend was deemed to have been   paid   by   the   shareholder   himself.     The   Supreme   Court observed   that   the   position  as   a   matter   of   general   law  was   as follows: “In general law, the Company is chargeable to tax on its profits   as  a distinct   taxable   entity and it  paid  tax  in discharge of its own liabilities and not on behalf of or as an agent for its shareholders”.14 This principle of general law was overridden by the deeming fiction that was created by Section 49B in the Act of 1922. 13(1963) 48 ITR 206. 14At pages 213 & 214 of Purushottamdas (supra) Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 43 ITXA626.10 37. Significantly, in the Income Tax Act, 1961, Parliament has not made such a deeming provision as was enacted in Section 49B of the act of 1922.  On the contrary, sub­section (4) of Section 115­O has the effect of providing that the shareholder cannot claim any credit for the amount paid by the Company under Section 115­O(1).     There   is,   therefore,   merit   in   the   submission   of   the Additional   Solicitor   General   that   dividend  received  by   the shareholder is not tax paid.  Similarly, as noted earlier, under sub­ section (5), a shareholder is not entitled to claim any deduction in respect of the amount which has been charged to tax under sub­ section (1) of Section 115­O or the tax thereon.   Hence, viewed from the perspective of Section 115­O as well as Section 14A, it is evident   that   the   tax   on   distributed   profits   is   a   charge   on   the Company.   The Company is chargeable to tax on its profits as a distinct   taxable   entity.     It   does   not   do   so   on   behalf   of   the shareholder.     The   Company   does   not   act   as   an   agent   of   the shareholder in paying the tax under Section 115­O.  In the hands of the recipient shareholder dividend does not form part of the total income.     On   the   contrary,   Section   10(33)   clearly   evinces parliamentary intent that incomes from dividend (and from mutual Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 44 ITXA626.10 funds) are not includible in the total income. 38. Counsel appearing on behalf of the Assessee sought to place reliance on a circular issued by the CBDT on 18 February 1998, explaining the provisions of the Finance Act of 1997, which introduced the provisions of Section 115­O.  The circular notes that according to the existing provisions of the Act, corporate dividends were taxed in the hands of shareholders under the head of income from other sources.   Companies while paying dividend deducted tax at source at the rate in force and issued certificates of tax deduction to their shareholders.  The shareholders, in turn, showed dividend income in their returns of income and claimed credit for tax deducted on the basis of these certificates.  The existing method was   found   to   involve   “a   lot   of   paper   work”   and   there   were demands that tax on dividend   should be  abolished  as it would tantamount to double taxation, once in the hands of the Company and again in the hands of the shareholders. The Circular states that the Finance Act of 1997, therefore, introduced a new system of collecting tax on profits distributed by the   Company by way of dividend, which was to be in addition to the income tax chargeable Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 45 ITXA626.10 in respect of the total income of the Company. 39. The  circular   issued   by  the   CBDT   as   a   matter  of   fact clearly establishes that prior to the introduction of Section 115­O of the Finance Act of 1997, corporate dividends were taxed in the hands   of   shareholders   as   income   from   other   sources.     This provision   was  abolished  by   the   introduction   of   Section   115­O. Under sub­section (1) of Section 115­O, an additional income tax was   imposed   on   profits   distributed   by   a   Company   by   way   of dividend and a new clause, clause 33 was inserted in Section 10  to exempt dividend income in the hands of the shareholder. 40. We have also been fortified in the conclusion which we have drawn, by the judgment of the Supreme Court in  Walfort (supra).     The   Supreme   Court   has   in   the  following   observation expressly held that since dividend income does not form part of the total income, the expenditure that is incurred in the earning of such   income   cannot   be   allowed   even   though   it   is   of   a   nature specified in Sections 15 to 59: “If an income like dividend income is not a part of the Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 46 ITXA626.10 total income, the expenditure/deduction though of the nature specified in Sections 15 to 59 but related to the income not forming part of the total income could not be allowed   against   other   income   includible   in   the   total income for the purpose of chargeability to tax.” Having observed thus, the Supreme Court held that the theory apportioning expenditure between taxable and non­taxable income has now, in principle, been widened under Section  14A.  Hence, for the reasons that we have indicated earlier, we hold that income from   dividend   on   shares   is,   in   the   hands   of   the   recipient shareholder, income which does not form part of the total income. Hence, Section 14A would apply and the expenditure incurred in earning such income would have to be disallowed.  Income from mutual fund stands on the same footing. ­41. Another submission which has been urged on behalf of the assessees by Mr.Kaka, intervening Counsel  is that Section 10 deals with three categories : (i) The first category is where the emphasis is on income which is exempt in the hands of any person. This   category   deals   with   the   character   of   income   such   as agricultural income and not of the recipient of the income; (ii) The Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 47 ITXA626.10 second   category   exemplified   by   sub­sections   (2)   and   (2A)   of Section 10 (where the recipient is a member of HUF or a partner) is where the same income is not to be charged to tax twice in the hands   of   two   persons;   (iii)   The   third   category   is   where   the character of the recipient is important and not the character of the income, e.g., a local authority.   The submission is that Section 10(33) is not an exemption  provision,  but has been   made to prevent the State from taxing the same income twice over.   The object   of   Section   10(33),   it   was   urged,   is   to   prevent   double taxation and Section 14A cannot apply to such a situation.  In other words, it has been urged that it was only to disallow expenditure covered by the first category of Section 10  ­ where the income is fully   exempt   from   taxation   in   the  hands   of   any  person   –  that Section 14A has been enacted. ­42. We  do  not   find any  warrant  for   an   artificial   reading down of the provisions of Section 14A in the manner that is sought to be done.  Section 14A plainly stipulates that no deduction shall be allowed in respect of expenditure incurred by the assessee in relation to income which does not form part of the total income Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 48 ITXA626.10 under the Act.   Dividend income does not form part of the total income under the Act by virtue of the provisions of Section 10(33). Consequently, it is impossible to accede to the submission that Section 14A should be confined only to those categories of income, such as agricultural income, where the income is exempt in the hands of any person.   The judgment of the  Privy Council in C.I.T. vs. Rameshwar Singh,15  is of no relevance to the issue involved in this case.   While construing the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1922,   the   Privy   Council   observed   that   agricultural   income   is excluded altogether from the scope of the Act whatsoever or by whomsoever it may be received.  This would have no bearing on the construction to be placed on the provisions  of Section 14A. A Summation of our conclusions on the interpretation of the provisions: ­43. In order to conclude the discussion on this aspect of the case, we would proceed to recapitulate our conclusions. ­(i) Section   14A     was   enacted   by   Parliament   in   order   to overcome   the   judgments   of   the  Supreme   Court   in   the   case   of Indian Bank, Maharashtra Sugar  and  Rajasthan Warehousing 15(1935) 3 ITR 305 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 49 ITXA626.10 Corporation in which it was held that in the case of a composite and indivisible business,   which results in earning of taxable and non­taxable   income,   it   is   impermissible   to   apportion   the expenditure between that which was laid out for the earning of taxable as opposed to non­taxable  income; ­(ii) The effect of Section 14A is to widen the theory of the apportionment of expenditure.  Prior to the enactment of Section 14A where the business of an assessee was not a composite and indivisible business and the assessee earned both taxable and non­ taxable   income, the expenditure incurred  on earning non­taxable income could not be allowed as a deduction as against the taxable income.     As   a   result   of   the   enactment   of   Section   14A,   no expenditure can be allowed as a deduction in relation to income which   does   not   form   part   of   the   total   income   under   the   Act. Hence, even in the case of a composite and indivisible business, which results in the earning  of taxable and non­taxable income, it would be necessary to apportion the expenditure incurred by the assessee.   Only that part of the expenditure which is incurred in relation to income which   forms part of the total income can be Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 50 ITXA626.10 allowed.   The expenditure incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income has to be disallowed; ­(iii) From this it would follow that Section 14A has implicit within   it   a   notion   of   apportionment.     The   principle   of apportionment which prior to the amendment of Section14A would not   have   applied   to   expenditure   incurred   in   a   composite   and indivisible   business   which   results   in   taxable   and   non­taxable income, must after the enactment of the provisions apply even to such a situation; ­(iv) The   expression   “expenditure   incurred” in Section 14A refers to expenditure on rent, taxes, salaries, interest etc. in respect of which allowances are provided for; -(v) Sub­sections (2) and (3) of Section 14A are intended to enforce  and implement the provisions  of Sub­section (1).   The object  of  sub­section  (2) is  to provide  a uniformity of  method where the Assessing Officer is, on the basis of the accounts of the assessee, not satisfied   with the correctness of the claim of the Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 51 ITXA626.10 assessee in respect of such expenditure in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Act; -(vi) Even in the absence of sub-section (2) of Section 14A, the Assessing Officer would  have to apportion the expenditure and to disallow the expenditure incurred by the assessee in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Act. The Assessing Officer would have to follow a reasonable method of apportioning   the     expenditure   consistent   with   what   the circumstances of the case would warrant and having regard to all the relevant facts and circumstances; ­(vii) Consequent upon the insertion of sub­section (2), the disputes which had arisen between  tax payers and the Revenue on the method of determining the expenditure to be disallowed, have been   given   a   quietus   by   adopting   a   uniform   method   of determination; ­(viii) Sub­section   (2)   of   Section   14A   does   not   enable   the Assessing   Officer to apply the method prescribed by Rule 8D Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 52 ITXA626.10 without determining in the first instance the correctness of the claim of the assessee, having regard to the accounts of the assessee. Sub­section (2) of Section 14A mandates  that it is only when  having regard to the accounts of the assessee,  the Assessing Officer is not satisfied with the correctness of the claim of the assessee in respect of expenditure incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Act, that he can proceed to make a determination under the Rules; ­(ix) The satisfaction envisaged by Sub­section (2) of Section 14A is an objective satisfaction that has to be arrived at by the Assessing Officer having regard to the accounts of the assessee. The safeguard introduced by Sub­section (2) of Section 14A for a fair and reasonable exercise of   power by the Assessing Officer, conditioned as it is by the requirement of an objective satisfaction, must,   therefore,   be   scrupulously   observed.     An   objective satisfaction contemplates a notice to the assessee, an opportunity to the assessee to place on record all the relevant facts including his accounts and recording of reasons by the Assessing Officer in the event that he comes to the conclusion that he is not satisfied Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 53 ITXA626.10 with the claim of the assessee; ­(x) The effect of Section 115­O is that in addition to the income   tax     chargeable   on   the   total   income   of   a   domestic Company, additional income tax is charged on profits declared, distributed or paid.   This tax which is referred to as a tax on distributed profits is what it means, namely, a tax on the profits of the Company.  This is not a tax on dividend income.  Under Section 115­O, the charge is on a component of the profits of the Company; that component representing profits declared, distributed or paid. The tax under Section 115­O   is not a tax which is paid by the Company on behalf of the shareholder, nor does the Company act as an agent of the shareholder in paying the tax.     This legal position is fortified by the circumstance that the shareholder is not entitled to any deduction in respect of the amount which has been charged to tax under sub­section (1) or the tax thereon; ­(xi) Additional income­tax liability on the profits declared, distributed or paid as dividend by a domestic company, cannot be considered as tax on dividend, because, Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 54 ITXA626.10 (a) Provisions   contained   in   Chapter   XII­D   are special provisions  relating  to  tax  on  the  distributed profits of  domestic   companies.   Even   Section   115­O   in Chapter XII­D clearly   states   that   the   additional income­tax   liability   thereunder   is   on   the   amount   of profits declared, distributed or   paid   by   a   domestic company as dividend.   Thus, the additional income tax under Section 115­O is a tax on profits and not a tax on dividend. (b) Distribution   of   profits   as   dividend   being appropriation of profits, the company distributing profits as   dividend   is   liable   to   pay   tax   on   the   total   income inclusive of the amount of profits distributed as dividend. By inserting Section 115­O, the legislature has imposed additional   income­tax   on   the   amount   of   profits distributed as dividend.  Thus, tax as well as additional income­tax are taxes levied on the profits of a domestic company.  From the fact that the additional income­tax is Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 55 ITXA626.10 levied only on profits declared, distributed, or paid as dividend, it cannot be said that the additional income­tax is not a tax on the profits of the domestic company but a tax on dividend. (c)) Where profits of a Company are distributed as dividend,  those  profits  are  taxed in the hands of  the Company and dividends are taxed in the hands of the shareholders because the character of the income in the hands of a Company and in the hands of a shareholder is totally   different.     Profits   in   the   hands   of   a   company would be business income, whereas, the said amounts when distributed as dividend, would constitute dividend income in the hands of the shareholders.  In such a case, the liability on the Company is on profits of business income,  where as the tax liability on the shareholder would be on the dividend income.   The legislature has chosen   to   exempt   tax   on   dividend   income   and   has chosen to impose additional tax on profits distributed as dividend.  Therefore, the tax as well as additional tax are Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 56 ITXA626.10 taxes levied on a domestic company on its profits and it cannot be said that the regular / normal tax is levied on profits and the additional tax is levied on the dividend. When   Section   115­O   specifically   states   that   the additional tax is on the profits distributed as dividend, there is no reason to hold that the additional income­tax is a tax on dividend. (d) Income­tax is charged on the income earned by an assessee. When profits are distributed as dividend, there is no income earned by a domestic company and consequently, there is no question of taxing the amount distributed as dividend.   However,   the legislature has chosen   to   impose   additional   tax   in   addition   to   the regular   tax,   payable   on   the   profits   of   a   domestic Company.  Thus, the regular tax as well as the additional tax are taxes on the profits of the domestic companies. (e) Incomes   enumerated   in   Section   10   are   not includible in the total income, because the legislature Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 57 ITXA626.10 exempts such income from tax.  Dividends referred to in Section  115­O are covered under Section  10(33) and hence exempt from tax.  As noted earlier, the additional tax   under   Section   115­O   is   a   tax   on   the   profits distributed as dividend and not a tax on dividend.  In the absence of Section 10(33), tax would have been payable on the dividends referred in Section 115­O.  Therefore, it is   clearly   evident   from   Section   10(33)   that  dividends referred to in Section 115­O are exempt from tax. (f) It   is   contended   that   dividends   taxed   in   the hands of a domestic company under Section 115­O if held taxable again in the hands of a shareholder,  would amount to double taxation.   There is no merit in this contention because, additional tax is a tax on the profits of   the   Company   which   is   distributed   as   dividend, whereas, tax in the hands of a shareholder is a tax on dividend income. (g) This   is   also   supported   by   Circular   No.763 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 58 ITXA626.10 dated 18 February 1998 issued to explain the provisions of Section 115­O and Section 10(33) inserted by Finance Act 1997.  The  Circular, clearly and unequivocally states that Section 10(33) and Section 115­O are intended to exempt   dividend   income   and   levy   a   new   tax   on distributed profits on domestic companies.  Thus, what is collected under Section 115­O is the additional tax on profits   distributed   as   dividend   and   not   a   tax   on dividends, because dividends received are exempt under Section 10(33). ­(xii) The   general   principle   of   law   is   that   a   Company   is chargeable to tax on its profits as distinct taxable entity and has to pay tax in discharge of its own liability and not on behalf of or as an agent of its shareholders.   This position of the general law is recognized   and   incorporated   in   Section   115­O   and   is   not overridden by the statutory provision; ­(xiii) Income from dividend and similarly, income from mutual funds do not form part of the total income under Section 10(33). Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 59 ITXA626.10 The   expenditure   incurred   in   relation   to   earning   such   income cannot be allowed under Section 14A; ­(xiv) In order to determine the quantum of the disallowance, there must be a proximate relationship between the expenditure and the income which does not form part of the total income. Once such a proximate relationship exists, the disallowance has to be effected.     All expenditure incurred in the earning of income which does not form part of the total income has to be disallowed subject to compliance with the test adopted by the Supreme Court in Walfort and it would not be permissible to restrict the provisions of Section 14A by an artificial method of interpretation. ­C.2  A plain and grammatical construction does not lead to absurdity: 44. On behalf of the assessee, it is sought to be urged that the application of the literal meaning of Section 14A would result in absurd consequences.  In dealing with the submission, this Court must have due regard to the principle of law which is enunciated by the Supreme Court in  CIT vs. J.H.Gotla,16   that “Where the plain and literal interpretation of a statutory provision produces a 16146 ITR 323 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 60 ITXA626.10 manifestly unjust result which could never have been intended by the Legislature, the court might modify the language used by the Legislature so as to achieve the intention of the Legislature and produce a rational construction.”  As the Supreme Court  observed “equity and taxation are often strangers” yet “attempts should be made that these do not remain always so and if a construction results   in   equity   rather   than   injustice,   then   such   construction should be preferred to the literal construction”.  The same principle was   adopted   by   the   Supreme   Court  in   an   earlier   decision     in K.P.Verghese vs. Income Tax officer.17    On  similar lines is the decision   of   the   Karnataka   High   Court   in CIT   vs. H.S.Shivarudrappa.18 45. The   Court   will   not   lightly   reject   the   plain   and grammatical construction of a statute.  The subject must be within the letter of the law and the Court will not abandon the words used by the legislature  in preference  to a diffuse if even ephemeral object   of   deciphering   purpose.     Legislative   purpose   in   fiscal enactments must lie within the folds of the words used.  Before the 17 (1981) 131 ITR 597 18 200 ITR 1 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 61 ITXA626.10 Court rejects the plain and grammatical construction of a statute, it must be satisfied that such a construction would lead to a result unintended by the Legislature or result in an absurdity.   For one thing,   individual   cases   of   hardship,   set   up   on   the   basis   of hypothetical   examples   tendered   at   the   Bar   do   not   establish absurdity of the law.   Moreover, it has been submitted by the Additional Solicitor General  that the example tendered before the Court     proceeds   on   several   assumptions   these   being   :   (i)   An assumption that had there been no tax under Section 115­O, the Board   of   Directors   of   a   Company   would   have   recommended   a higher dividend (higher by the extent of the tax) for distribution to the   shareholders;   (ii)   The   assumption   that   in   effect,   it   is   the shareholder who bears the tax under Section 115­O(1) since the shareholder   has   forgone   the  assumed   higher   dividend;   (iii)   An assumption that the payment of tax under Section 115-O(1) is on behalf of the shareholder. On these assumptions, the conclusion is sought to be drawn by the assessee that the shareholder will suffer twice, namely, by the assumed payment of tax on his behalf under Section 115­O(1) and by the disallowance on expenditure claimed under Section 14A.     We are in agreement with   the submission Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 62 ITXA626.10 which has been urged on behalf of the Union Government that the contention that the literal interpretation of Section 14A would lead to an absurd consequence is erroneous.   As the Supreme Court observed in Walfort, Section 14A represents a serious attempt on the part of Parliament to ensure that the tax incentive to certain incomes should not be used to reduce the tax payable on   non­ taxable income by debiting  expenses incurred to earn  non­taxable income against the taxable income.  In other words, what Section 14A effectuates is that a shareholder should not get the benefit both of an exemption  under Section 10(33) and also a deduction in respect of the expenditure laid out towards   earning tax free income.     If   the   dividend   income   had   not   been   exempt   under Section   10(33),   the   Revenue   would   have   taxed   such   dividend income and the assessee would have been entitled to a deduction in respect of its expenditure in relation to that income.  Dividend income   does   not   form   part   of   the   total   income   under   Section 10(33).  Section 14A ensures that the shareholder whose income from dividend is not included in the total income of a previous year shall not claim a deduction in respect of the expenditure incurred in relation to earning such income.   Section 14A is founded on a Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 63 ITXA626.10 valid rationale that the basic principle of taxation is to tax net income that is to say, gross income minus the expenditure.  On that analogy as the Supreme Court observed in Walfort, the exemption is also in respect of net income and expenses allowed can only be in relation to the earning of taxable income.  We do not, therefore, accept   the  submission  of   the  assessee   that  an  absurdity  would result on the application of the literal interpretation of Section 14A. ­C.3  Constitutional validity of Sub­sections (2) and (3) of Section 14A and of Rule 8D: 46. Rule 8D provides as follows : “8D. (1) Where the Assessing Officer, having regard to the accounts of the assessee of a previous year, is not satisfied with ­ (a) the correctness of the claim of expenditure made by the assessee; or ­(b) the claim made by the assessee that no expenditure has been incurred, in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Act for such previous   year,   he   shall   determine   the   amount   of expenditure  in relation  to such  income  in accordance with the provisions of sub­rule (2). (2) The expenditure in relation to income which does not form part of the total income shall be the aggregate of Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 64 ITXA626.10 following amounts, namely:­ (i) the amount of expenditure directly relating to income which does not form part of total income; (ii)   in   a   case   where   the   assessee   has   incurred expenditure by way of interest during the previous year which   is   not   directly   attributable   to   any   particular income or receipt, an amount computed in accordance with the following formula, namely:­ ­A X   B ­­­­ C Where A = amount of expenditure by way of interest other than the amount of interest included in clause (i) incurred during the previous year;

B = the average of value of investment, income from which does not or shall not form part of the total income, as appearing in the balance sheet of the assessee, on the first day and the last day of the previous year; C = the average of total assets as appearing in the balance sheet of the assessee, on the first day and the last day of the previous year; (iii) an amount equal to one­half per cent of the average of the value of investment, income from which does not or shall not form part of the total income, as appearing in the balance sheet of the assessee, on the first day and the last day of the previous year.” Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 65 ITXA626.10 Section 14A(2) and (3): 47. On behalf of the assessee, it has been submitted that (i) The very idea that there can be a uniform rule for determining  the expenditure relating to the earning of tax free income is arbitrary and violative of Article 14.  Every industry, it has been urged, has its   own   peculiar   background   and   one   cannot   equate   a manufacturing industry with a service industry or an entity dealing in investment or in shares.  Every asset has its peculiar situation. Sub­section (2) of Section 14A by providing for a uniform method of applicability,  is alleged to treat unequals alike and is, therefore, said to be violative of Article 14; (ii) Section 14A(2) confers a power   and   if   it   is   interpreted   as   having   been   conferred retrospectively, it would be ultra vires as one can never conceive of a power to do something being conferred with retrospective effect. Rule 8D: 48. The submission on behalf of the assessee in the challenge to Rule 8D is as follows: ­(i) Under Rule 8D(2)(i) direct expenditure relating to Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 66 ITXA626.10 exempt income is taken into account and under Rule 8D(2)(ii)A from the total interest expenditure, direct interest expenditure for earning tax free income is to be excluded. The ‘A’ portion of the balance  sheet is  to be  disallowed without  exclusion  of  interest expenditure directly relatable to earning taxable income; (ii) Under Rule 8D(2)(ii)B that is in the numerator of the ratio, the average of the   value   of   investments   is   taken   without   reducing   it   by   (a) Investments directly relatable to own funds as there can be no question of apportioning any part of the interest to investment which has given out of own funds  and (b)  Investments  which are directly relatable to borrowed funds as otherwise apart from the direct interest disallowed under Rule 8D(2)(i), there would be a double disallowance of interest by way of a higher allocation of indirect  interest  expending  under Rule   8D(2)(ii);   and (iii)  The determination of disallowance under Rule 8D(2)(ii)C   adopting half percent of average value taken has nothing to do with the amount of the actual expenditure.  In fact, the amount arrived at under the Rule can even exceed the total expenditure incurred by an assessee;  (iv) The form prescribed in Rule 8D goes beyond Sub­ section (2) of Section 14A and at the least does not prescribe an Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 67 ITXA626.10 accepted or a well settled method for determining expenditure. 49. On the other hand, it has been submitted on behalf of the Union of India   that (i) Judicial review of the measure or manner in which a tax is computed is limited and it is only if there is   perversity   or   capriciousness   in   the   method   adopted   by   the Legislature, that it would violate Article 14; (ii) The provisions of Rule 8D are in conformity with the principle contained in Section 14A(1) and only provide for a measure and mechanism to compute the portion of expenditure attributable to exempt income; (iii) Rule 8D provides a rational, fair and reasonable method for computing the quantum of expenditure attributable to   tax exempt income. The provision   presents a reasonable solution to assess a complex accounting and tax problem and the underlying rationale has been explained in the affidavit in reply; (iv) The fact that Rule 8D adopts a uniform method as a means of computation does not make it arbitrary or unreasonable: (a) The method will be adopted only if the Assessing Officer is not satisfied of the correctness of the claim of the assessee, having  regard  to  the  accounts of the assessee; (b) The   adoption   of standard rates or percentages to compute Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 68 ITXA626.10 figures   of     income   or   expenditure   are   not   abhorrent   to   tax legislation;   (v)   An   estimate   can   be   made   so   long   as   it   is   not arbitrary and has a nexus with the facts discovered.   Even if the Court believes that it is not a best estimate or the most appropriate method,   it   cannot   be   struck   down   since   in   the   realm   of constitutional   validity,   the   Court   is   not   concerned   with mathematical or scientific exactitude of the method; (vi) Rule 8D only provides a machinery or method to measure and attribute expenditure   that   is   relatable     to   tax   exempt   income.     On   the contrary,   if   expenditure   utilized   towards     earning   tax   exempt income was a permissible deduction, the assessee would have the benefit not only  of the exemption from tax of the income earned but also the benefit of a reduction of taxable income by the amount of expenditure incurred not towards  taxable income, but towards income  which  is already exempt  from  tax; (vii) Rule 8D(2)(ii) applies only to a grey area where it is not possible to determine the borrowing on which interest was paid.   Where the assessee has failed to correctly apportion the expenditure, the Assessing Officer has to adopt the prescribed formula and the amount of interest attributable   to   exempt   income   also   has   to   be   computed   by   a Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 69 ITXA626.10 formula.  Since funds are fungible,  it would be difficult to allocate the actual quantum of borrowed funds that have been used for making tax free investments.  It is only the interest on borrowed funds that will be apportioned – the amount of expenditure by way of interest that will be taken (as ‘A’) will exclude any expenditure by way of interest which is directly attributable to any particular income or receipt (e.g. any aspect of the assessee’s business such as plant/machinery   etc.);   (viii)   As   regards   Rule   8D(2)(iii)   since investments   and   the   income   that   they   realize   will   not   usually require direct administrative or management expenses, and since these   are   usually   accounted   for   in  common   with   all   the   other businesses of the assessee, logic requires that some mechanism or formula   be   adopted   for   attributing   part   of   the administrative/managerial expenses to the tax exempt investment income.     It   is   common   knowledge   that   under   the   Portfolio Management Scheme portfolio managers charge about 2 to 2.5% of the portfolio value as a fee.  The profit element of such fee usually does not exceed 1% of the portfolio value.  As set out in detail in the affidavit in reply adopting 0.50% of the average of the value of investments   (income   from   which   is   tax   exempt)   is   not Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 70 ITXA626.10 unreasonable and results in identification of expenditure which has a direct and immediate connection with the tax exempt income; (ix) If a pro­rata method was applied in the alternative to the aforesaid   method   provided   in   Rule   8D(2)(iii)   the   amount   of disallowance would be immense, as set out in the Chart tendered to the Court by the Revenue.  In the case of the Appellant for the assessment  year under consideration,  on an expenditure  of  Rs. 189.77 crores (excluding direct expenditure and expenditure on power, fuel etc.), the disallowance under the pro­rata method as followed in Rule 8D(2)(ii) would be Rs.82 crores.  However, under the 0.5% measure provided by Rule 8D(2)(iii) the disallowance is Rs.1.57   crores.     Hence,   the   present   measure   is   in   fact,     more favourable to the assessee and cannot under any circumstances be said to be unconstitutional; (x) Hence, the intention of Section 14A is   clearly   to   disallow   all   expenses   relating   to   the   non­taxable income,   and   to   curb   the   practice   of   claiming   allowances   for expenditures on exempt income.   All that is required is to show that there is a ‘proximate cause’ between the expenditure incurred and   the   exempt   income.     A   ‘proximate   cause’   connotes   a relationship between the expense and the exempt income (Walfort Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 71 ITXA626.10 supra).     So   understood,   even   indirect   expenses   may   have   a proximate cause to the exempt income, and the same must hence be disallowed.   For example, if the staff employed in an office partake   in   both   manufacturing   and   dividend   business,   that proportion of the staff (indirect) expenses incurred in relation to the dividend business will be disallowed.   However, if the assessee does not maintain separate accounts, it would be necessary for the Assessing   Officer   to   determine   the   proportion   of   expenditure incurred in relation to the dividend business (i.e. earning exempt income).  It is for exactly such situations that a machinery/method for computing the proportion of expenditure incurred in relation to the dividend business has been provided by way of Section 14A(2)/ (3) and Rule 8D. The Parameters of judicial review 50. There   is   a   presumption   of   constitutionality   which   is ingrained in our constitutional jurisprudence.  This presumption is founded     on   the   principle   of   democratic   governance   which recognizes that while the judiciary is invested with the power of judicial review, the Legislature which is responsible to the people is Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 72 ITXA626.10 responsive to the needs and concerns of Society.   In matters of economic regulation, the Legislature and its delegate must have the power to frame new policies and adjust existing ones in accordance with the felt needs of the time.  While dealing with challenges to fiscal legislation, these principles must apply a fortiorari. The Court recognizes the existence of a healthy discretion in the Legislature in determining the subject of tax, the grant of exemptions and the creation  of a machinery that would effectively enforce  charging provisions. 51. In  Khandige Sham Bhat v. Agricultural Income Tax Officer19,     a Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court observed thus : “Courts,   in   view   of   the   inherent   complexity   of   fiscal adjustment of diverse elements, permit a larger discretion to the   Legislature   in   the   matter   of   classification,   so   long   it adheres to the fundamental principles underlying the said doctrine.  The power of the Legislature to classify is of “wide range   and   flexibility”   so   that   it   can   adjust   its   system   of taxation in all proper and reasonable  ways.” 52. Again, the Supreme Court emphasized that though the 19 AIR 1963 SC 591 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 73 ITXA626.10 method suggested may be better than the method actually adopted by the legislature, the hardship in individual cases cannot in any event be avoided. Unless the method which has been adopted is capricious, fanciful, arbitrary or clearly unjust, the Court would be loathe to strike down the law : “It is true   taxation law cannot claim immunity from the equality clause of the Constitution.   The taxation   statute shall not also be arbitrary and oppressive, but at the same time   the   Court   cannot,   for   obvious   reasons,   meticulously scrutinize the impact of its burden on different persons or interests.  Where there is more than one method of assessing tax and the Legislature selects one out of   them, the Court will not be justified to strike down the law on the ground that the  Legislature should have adopted another method which, in the opinion of the Court, is more reasonable, unless it is convinced that the method adopted is capricious, fanciful, arbitrary or clearly unjust.” Advantages or disadvantages to individual assesses are “accidental and inevitable and are inherent in every taxing statute as it has to draw a line somewhere and   some cases necessarily fall on the other side of the line.”20 53. In   Ganga Sugar Corporation Ltd. v. State of Utter Pradesh21   the Supreme Court recorded a caution which must be 20 at para 10 page 597. 21 (1980) 1 SCC 223. Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 74 ITXA626.10 observed   by   the   Court   in   dealing   with   challenges   to   the constitutional validity of taxing statues : “Practical   considerations   of   the   Administration,   traditional practices in the trade, other economic pros and cons enter the verdict   but,  after  a  judicial  generosity  is  extended  to  the legislative wisdom, if there is writ on the statute perversity, ‘ madness’ in the method or gross disparity, judicial credulity may snap and the measure may meet with its funeral.” 54. Classification for taxation and the application of Article 14 in that context has to be viewed liberally and not meticulously. Classification, as held by the Supreme Court, is primarily for the legislature and becomes a judicial issue only when “ the legislation bears on its bosom obvious condemnation by way of caprice or irrationality”22.   In State of Uttar Pradesh V. Kamla Palace23,  a Bench of three Learned Judges of the Supreme Court observed, following the decision in R.K. Garg v. Union of India24  that laws relating to the field of taxation “enjoy a greater latitude than laws touching civil rights” and such legislation ought not to be struck down “merely on account of crudities and inequities inasmuch as such legislations are designed to take care of complex situations 22 at para 45 page 238. 23 (2000) 1 SCC 557. 24 (1981) 4 SCC 675. Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 75 ITXA626.10 and complex problems which do not admit of solutions through any doctrinaire approach or straitjacket formulae”.   Mr. Justice R.C.Lahoti (as the Learned Chief Justice then was) speaking for the Bench observed as follows : “The legislature gaining wisdom from historical facts, existing situations,   matters   of   common   knowledge   and   practical problems and guided by considerations  of policy must be given a free hand to devise classes – whom to tax or not to tax, whom to exempt or not to exempt and whom to give incentives and lay down the rates of taxation, benefits or concessions.  In the field of taxation if the test of Article 14 is satisfied  by  generality  of   provisions  the  courts  would  not substitute judicial wisdom for legislative wisdom.” 55. In  Gujarat   Ambuja   Cements   Limited   v.   Union   of India25    Mrs.   Justice   Ruma   Pal,   speaking   for   a   Bench   of   two Learned   Judges   followed   the   observations   of   the   Constitution Bench in Ganga Sugar (supra)  and observed thus : “Because of the inherent complexity of fiscal adjustments of diverse   elements   in   the   field   of   tax,   the   legislature   is permitted a large discretion in the matter of classification to determine not only what should be taxed but also the manner in which the tax may be imposed.   Courts are extremely circumspect   in   questioning   the   reasonability   of   such classification but after a “judicial generosity is extended to legislative wisdom, if there is writ on the statute perversity, 25 2005 AIR (SC) 3020. Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 76 ITXA626.10 madness in the method or gross disparity, judicial credibility may snap and the measure may meet with its funeral”. 56. These principles must guide the determination by this Court on the constitutional challenge to sub sections (2) and (3) of Section 14A and to Rule 8D.  A fundamental basis of the challenge addressed before the Court is the prescription of a uniform method for   determining   the   disallowance   of   expenditure   incurred   in relation to income which does not form a part of the total income under the Act.  The challenge is that the law and the subordinate legislation  operate in situations which are unequal by prescribing a uniform method to assessees who are not similarly situated.  The challenge is to the treatment of unequals equally. 57. Now   in   dealing   with   the   challenge   it   is   necessary   to advert to the position that sub section (2) of Section 14A prescribes a   uniform   method   for   determining   the   amount   of   expenditure incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income  only in a situation where the Assessing Officer,  having regard to the accounts of the assessee is not satisfied with the Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 77 ITXA626.10 correctness   of   the   claim   of   the   assessee   in   respect   of   such expenditure.  It therefore merits emphasis that sub section (2) of Section 14A does not authorize or empower the Assessing Officer to apply the prescribed method irrespective of the nature of the claim made by the assessee.     The Assessing Officer has to first consider the correctness of the claim of the assessee having regard to the accounts of the assessee.  The satisfaction of the Assessing Officer   has   to   be   objectively   arrived   at   on   the   basis   of   those accounts   and   after   considering   all   the   relevant   facts   and circumstances.  The application of the prescribed method arises in a situation where the claim made by the assessee in respect of expenditure which is relatable to the earning of income which does not form part of the total income under the Act is found to be incorrect.   In such a situation a method had to be devised for apportioning  the expenditure   incurred  by  the assessee   between what is incurred in relation to the earning of taxable income and that which is incurred in relation to the earning of non­taxable income.   As a matter of fact, the memorandum explaining the provisions of the Finance Bill 2006 and the CBDT circular dated 28 December 2006 state that since the existing provisions of Section Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 78 ITXA626.10 14A   did   not   provide   a   method   of   computing   the   expenditure incurred in relation to income which did not form part of the total income, there was a considerable dispute between tax payers and the department on the method of determining such expenditure.  It was in this background that sub section (2) was inserted so as to provide a uniform method applicable where the Assessing Officer is not satisfied with the correctness of the claim of the assessee.  Sub section (3) clarifies that the application of the method would be attracted even to a situation where the assessee has claimed that no expenditure at all was incurred in relation to the earning of non­taxable income. 58. Parliament has provided an adequate safeguard to the invocation of the power to determine the expenditure incurred in relation to the earning of non­taxable income by adoption of the prescribed   method.     The   invocation   of   the   power   is   made conditional on the objective satisfaction of the Assessing Officer in regard to the correctness of the claim of the assessee, having regard to the accounts of the assessee.   When a statute postulates the satisfaction of the Assessing Officer “Courts will not readily defer to Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 79 ITXA626.10 the conclusiveness of an executive authority’s opinion as to the existence of a  matter of law or fact upon which the validity of the exercise of the power is predicated”. (M.A. Rasheed v. The State of Kerala26).    A decision by the Assessing Officer has to be arrived at in good faith on relevant considerations.  The Assessing Officer must furnish  to the assessee a reasonable  opportunity to show cause on the correctness of the claim made by him.  In the event that the Assessing Officer is not satisfied with the correctness of the claim   made   by   the   assessee,   he   must   record   reasons   for   his conclusion.     These   safeguards   which   are   implicit   in   the requirements of fairness and fair procedure under Article 14 must be   observed   by   the   Assessing   Officer   when   he   arrives   at   his satisfaction under sub section (2) of Section 14A.  As we shall note shortly hereafter, sub rule (1) of Rule 8D has also incorporated the essential requirements of sub section (2) of Section 14A before the Assessing Officer proceeds to apply the method prescribed under sub rule (2). ­59. The   charge   of   the   assessee   that   there   is   an   inherent 26 AIR 1974 SC 2249. (at para 7 page 2252). Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 80 ITXA626.10 arbitrariness in prescribing a uniform method for determining the disallowance   of   expenditure   in   relation   to   the   earning   of   non­ taxable income must therefore fail for three reasons.  Firstly, as a matter of fundamental principle, when the Court is confronted with a   challenge   to   a   classification   by   tax   legislation   either   on   the ground of over or under inclusion, it is trite law that the Court must   defer   to   the   wisdom   of   the   legislature.     Crudities   and inequities are involved in making complex fiscal adjustments that are intrinsic to any fiscal measure.  Diverse methods are open to the legislature to achieve a result and if the legislature adopts a particular method, the Court will not substitute its own view for that of  the legislature  merely  because  another method  appears more suitable or because a better crafted measure could have been put into place.   Unless the method which has been selected is capricious, fanciful or arbitrary, the Court will defer to the wisdom of the legislature and to its delegate who is subject to its legislative control.     Burdens and disadvantages are not ground enough to strike down the constitutional validity of legislation or subordinate legislation.  Cases of individual hardship are similarly not a valid ground for striking down constitutional validity.   So long as the Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 81 ITXA626.10 measure which has been put into place has  nexus with the object sought to be achieved, is passes constitutional muster.  Secondly, sub section (2) of Section 14A makes it abundantly clear that the power   to   apply   the   prescribed   method   arises   only   where   the Assessing Officer is not satisfied with the correctness of the claim of the assessee having regard to the accounts of the assessee.   It is because the assessee is unable to establish the correctness of the claim in respect of the expenditure incurred in earning income which does not form part of the taxable income that the Assessing Officer   is   compelled   to   make   a   determination.     The   Learned Additional Solicitor General has placed before the Court material that would indicate  that if a simplistic pro­rata  disallowance were to be made, that would as a matter of fact have resulted in a disallowance   of   Rs.82   Crores   on   an   expenditure   of   Rs.189.77 Crores.  As opposed to this the disallowance under  Rule 8D(2)(iii) is restricted to Rs.1.57 Crores.  Before the legislature prescribed a uniform method, disputes had occurred between assessees and the department  in regard to the method to be adopted in computing the expenditure relatable to the earning of non­taxable income.  In this background,   if the legislature considered it appropriate to Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 82 ITXA626.10 prescribe a particular method that legislative choice cannot be held to be arbitrary or oppressive.  Thirdly, sub sections (2) and (3) and the proviso to Section 14A contain sufficient safeguards that would ensure a reasonable exercise of power.  Apart from the safeguards to which a reference has been made earlier, the proviso stipulates that nothing contained in the Section shall empower the Assessing Officer to reassess under Section 147; or enhance the assessment or reduce the refund already made; or otherwise increase the liability of   the   assessee   under   Section   154,   for   any   assessment   year beginning on or before 1 April 2001. ­60. In the affidavit in reply that has been filed on behalf of the Revenue an explanation has been provided of the rationale underlying Rule 8D.  In the written submissions which have been filed by the Additional Solicitor General it has been stated, with reference to Rule 8D(2)(ii) that since funds are fungible, it would be difficult to allocate the actual quantum of borrowed funds that have been used for making tax free investments.   It is only the interest on borrowed funds that would be apportioned and the amount of expenditure by way of interest that will be taken (as ‘A’ Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 83 ITXA626.10 in the formula) will exclude any expenditure by way of interest which is directly attributable to any particular income or receipt ( for example – any aspect of the assessee’s business such as plant/ machinery etc.).  As regards Rule 8D(2)(iii) it has been submitted that some mechanism or formula had to be adopted for attributing part of the administrative /managerial expenses   to tax exempt investment income.   The administrative expenses attributable to tax free investment income  have a fixed component and a variable component.  A view was taken that the disallowance should also be linked to the value of the investment rather than the amount of exempt income.  Under Portfolio Management Schemes (PMS) the fee charged ranges between 2 and 2.5% of the portfolio value which   would  be   inclusive   of   a  profit   element  for   the  portfolio manager.  While the fixed administrative expenses were excluded, on the ground that in the case of a large corporate tax payer they would be spread over a large number of voluminous  activities, the variable expenses were computed at one­half percent of the value of   the   investment.     The   justification   that   has   been   offered   in support of the rationale for Rule 8D cannot be regarded as being capricious, perverse or arbitrary.  Applying the tests formulated by Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 84 ITXA626.10 the Supreme Court it is not possible for this Court to hold that there   is   writ   on   the   statute   or   on   the   subordinate   legislation perversity, caprice or irrationality.  There is certainly no ‘madness in the method’. C.4  Retrospectivity 61. On behalf of the assessee it has been urged that sub sections (2) and (3) of Section 14A and Rule 8D cannot have retrospective effect.   Counsel submitted that procedural laws are those   which   merely   prescribe   the   manner   in   which   rights   and responsibilities may be exercised and enforced in a Court.  Rule 8D which   lays   down   the   rules   for   determining   the   amount   of disallowance   under  Section  14A,  it   has  been  urged,   cannot   be regarded as a procedural rule but, is a provision which purports to determine the income which is chargeable  to tax.  Moreover, it has been  urged  that Rule   8D  has  adopted  an  artificial  method  for computing   the   disallowance   of   expenditure   attributable   to   the earning of non­taxable income and it is not one out of several well accepted or well settled modes of computation.   Hence,   it was submitted   that   the   present   case   is   distinguishable   from   the Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 85 ITXA626.10 situation which arose before the Supreme Court in Commissioner of Wealth Tax v. Sharvan Kumar Swarup and Sons27.  Further, reliance was placed on Section 295(4) which specifically provides that no retrospective effect could be given to a rule   so as to prejudicially affect the interest of the assessee.   Sub sections (2) and (3) were inserted into Section 14A by the Finance Act of 2006 with effect from 1 April 2007.  Rule 8D was inserted by the Income Tax Act (Fifth Amendment) Rules 2008 which were published in the Gazette  on 24 March 2008.      The rules specifically provide that they shall come into force from the date of their publication in the Official Gazette.   These   provisions, it was urged, cannot be applied to Assessment Year 2002­03 which is under consideration as it is the law prevalent on the first day of April of an assessment year that would have to be applied.  In any event where different dates are provided for the enforcement of   diverse provisions of Section 14A, sub sections (2) and (3)  cannot be regarded as being retrospective. 62. On the other hand, it has been urged on behalf of the 27 (1994) 210 ITR 886. Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 86 ITXA626.10 Union Government, that (i) The provisions of Section 14A(2) and Rule  8D   are  procedural  and provide  only   a  machinery  for   the implementation of the principle of apportionment; (ii) Machinery provisions by which a charging section is to be implemented or made   workable   or   prescribing   the   circumstances   in   which   the charging power can be exercised are to be given   retrospective effect which is co­terminus with the period of operation of the main   charging   provision;   (iii)     The   presumption   against restrospectivity   would   not   apply   to   a   curative   or   declaratory provision,   when   the   intent   of   Parliament   is   to   override   an erroneous judicial interpretation of the existing law and to declare what the position  in law already was.   Section  14A(1) merely sought to correct an erroneous judicial interpretation in relation to the apportionment of expenses; (iv) Rule 8D in the present case is clarificatory of how the primary legislation is to be implemented since   (i)   it   only   clarifies   the   method   which   could   have   been followed by the Assessing Officer in any case for determining how much of the deduction claimed had proximate relation with the exempt income and (ii) it would render workable in a uniform manner the parliamentary intent under Section 14A(1); and   (v) Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 87 ITXA626.10 The date which has been stated in the Amending Act from which the amendment is to have effect is irrelevant and the Court has to analyze the nature of the provision to determine whether it should be   applied   retrospectively.     These   submissions   now   fall   for determination. 63. The fundamental principle of law is that Parliament has plenary power to legislate, on matters falling within its legislative competence and that power extends to the enactment of legislation with prospective and retrospective effect. Legislative competence of Parliament   to   enact   the   law   is   not   in   dispute.     Law   raises   a presumption that an amendment which affects substantive rights and obligations is intended by the legislature to have prospective effect.  On the other hand, amendments on matters of procedure are presumed to be retrospective so as to apply to pending cases. These are, however, presumptions which can be out weighed by the   language   of   an   amending   statute.   That   is   because   the legislature has plenary power to legislate both prospectively and retrospectively.   Therefore whether an amending provision is to operate     with   prospective   or   retrospective   effect   has   to   be Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 88 ITXA626.10 determined  on the language and ambit of the statutory provision. Amendments which are clarificatory or declaratory of the position in law, as the legislature intended it always to be, are regarded as being   retrospective.     Hence,   when   the   legislature   steps   in   by amending the law to set right an incorrect judicial interpretation, an inference can be drawn that the amendment was intended to be retrospective.     An   amendment   which   is   inserted   to   remedy unintended consequences and to make a provision workable or which supplies an obvious omission and is required to be read into a section to give it  reasonable interpretation has been treated as retrospective in operation. 64. These   principles   emerge   from   the   precedent   on   the subject : (i) In Income Tax Officer v. M.C.Ponnoose28, the Supreme Court   dealt   with   a   case   where   Section   2(44)   containing   the definition of the expression ‘Tax Recovery Officer’ was substituted by the Finance Act of 1963 and it was provided that the new definition   shall   be   and   shall   be   deemed   always   to   have   been 28 (1970) 75 ITR 174. Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 89 ITXA626.10 substituted.  As amended, Clause (ii) of Section 2(44) empowered the   State  Government   to  authorize   by   notification   certain   land revenue officers to exercise the powers of a tax recovery officer. The State Government  issued a notification dated 14 August 1963 which was published in the gazette on 20 August 1963 authorizing various revenue officers to exercise the powers of the Tax Recovery Officer.  The notification stated that it shall come into force on 1 April 1962.  The Tahsildar had effected an attachment subsequent to 1 April 1962 but prior to 14 August 1963.  The Supreme Court held thus : “Where  any rule or regulation  is made by any person or authority to whom such powers have been delegated by the legislature it may or may not be possible to make the same so as to give retrospective operation.   It will depend on the language employed in the statutory provision which may in express   terms   or   by     necessary   implication   empower   the authority   concerned   to   make   a   rule   or   regulation   with retrospective effect.   But where no such language is to be found  it  has   been  held  by  the  courts  that  the  person   or authority exercising subordinate legislative functions cannot make a rule, regulation or bye­law  which can operate with retrospective   effect     (see   Subba   Rao   J.   in   Dr.   Indramani Pyarelal   Gupta   v.   W.R.   Natu29  ­   the   majority   not   having expressed any different opinion on the point ; Modi Food Products Ltd. v. Commissioner of Sales Tax30; India Sugars Refineries Ltd. v. State of Mysore31  and General S. Shivdev 29 [1963] 1 S.C.R. 721 : AIR 1963 SC 274. 30 {1955) 6 S.T.C. 287 : AIR 1956 All 35. 31 AIR 1960 Mys. 326. Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 90 ITXA626.10 Singh v. State of Punjab32).” (ii) In Allied Motors (P) Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax33, the Supreme Court considered the provisions of Section 43­B of the Income Tax Act, 1961 which were aimed at curbing activities of those tax payers who did not discharge their statutory liability towards   payment   of   excise   duty,   employer’s   contribution   to provident   fund   etc.   for   long   periods   of   time,   but   claimed deductions   on   the   ground   that   the   liability   to   pay   had   been incurred in the relevant previous year.  While inserting Section 43­ B it was not realized that its language would cause hardship to those tax payers who had paid sales tax within the statutory period prescribed for payment although the payment did not fall in the relevant previous year.   This was because the sales tax collected pertained to the last quarter of the relevant accounting year and could   be   paid  only   in  the   next   quarter   which   fell  in   the   next accounting year.  Hence, though the sales tax had been paid by an assessee within the statutory period prescribed and prior to the filing   of   the   income   tax   return,   the   assessee   was   unwittingly 32 (1959) P.L.R. 514 (F.B.) 33 (1997) 91 Taxman 205 (SC). Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 91 ITXA626.10 prevented from claiming a deduction.   This was not intended by Section 43B.  An amendment was made by the Finance Act of 1987 by the insertion of the first proviso.  The Supreme Court held that the amendment was curative  in nature and hence, the proviso which was inserted by the Finance Act of   1987 should be given retrospective effect from the date of the inception of Section 43B. The Supreme Court held that the first proviso was remedial in nature, designed to eliminate unintended consequences which may cause undue hardship to an assessee and which made the provision unworkable or unjust in a specific situation: “A     proviso   which   is   inserted   to   remedy   unintended consequences and to make the provision workable, a proviso which  supplies  an obvious  omission  in the section  and is required to be read into the section to give the section a reasonable   interpretation,   requires   to   be   treated   as retrospective in operation so that a reasonable interpretation can be given to the section as a whole.” (iii) In Commissioner of Income Tax v. Podar Cement (P) Ltd.34, the Supreme Court considered the provisions of Section 27 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 under which certain persons who are not otherwise legal owners were deemed to be owners for certain 34 (1997) 226 ITR 627. Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 92 ITXA626.10 purposes.  The Finance Bill of 1987 sought to enlarge the meaning of the expression “owner of house property” in   Clause (iii) of Section 27 by providing that a person who comes to have control over the property by virtue of such transactions as are referred to in Section 269 UA(f) will also be deemed to be the owner of the property.     The   Supreme   Court   held   that   the   amendment   was intended to supply an obvious omission or to clear up doubts as to the meaning of the word “owner” in Section 22 and was therefore declaratory or clarificatory. (iv) In  Commissioner of Income Tax v. Alom Extrusions Ltd.35  the Supreme Court considered the provisions of Section 43B of  the   Income   Tax  Act   1961.     By  way   of   the   first   proviso   an incentive / relaxation was given in respect of tax, duty, cess or fee by stating that if this was paid before the date of filing of the return under the Income Tax Act, the assessee would be entitled to a deduction.  This relaxation, however, did not apply to contributions to labour welfare funds.   By the Finance Act of 2003 uniformity was brought about by equating the payment of tax, duty, cess and 35 319 ITR 206 (SC). Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 93 ITXA626.10 fee  with contributions to welfare funds.  The Finance Act of 2003 was made applicable only with effect from 1 April 2004.  Hon’ble Mr. Justice S.H. Kapadia (as the Learned Chief Justice then was) speaking for the Supreme Court held that it was curative in nature and would apply retrospectively with effect from 1 April 1988; (v) In  Commissioner  of Wealth  Tax v. Sharvan  Kumar Swarup and Sons36, Rule 1BB of the Wealth Tax Rules 1967 came up for consideration.   Prior to its amendment on 1 April 1989 Section 7(1) of the Wealth Tax Act provided that subject to any rules made in this behalf, the value of any asset other than cash, shall be estimated to be the price which in the opinion of the wealth tax officer it would fetch if sold in the open market on the valuation date.   Under Rule 1BB the value of a house used for residential purposes was to be determined in a particular manner. The issue before the Supreme Court was whether this rule was a provision of substantive law, not expressly applicable to valuation for earlier years and therefore only prospective or  whether it was merely procedural and would apply to all pending cases.   The 36 (1994) 210 ITR 886. Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 94 ITXA626.10 Supreme Court held that Rule 1BB “merely provides a choice amongst well known   and well settled modes of valuation”. Chief Justice   M.N. Venkatachaliah   speaking for the Court held that  even in the absence of Rule 1BB there would have been no legal impediment   to adopt the mode of valuation embodied in Rule 1BB by adopting the method of capitalization of income on a number of years’ purchase value.     The rule, held the Supreme Court, was intended to impart   uniformity in valuations and to avoid vagaries  and disparities  resulting from  the application  of different modes of valuation in different cases where the nature of the property is similar.  Rule 1BB was held to be “essentially a rule of evidence as to the choice of one of the well accepted methods of valuation in respect of certain kinds of properties with a view to achieving   uniformity   in   valuation   and   avoiding     disparate valuations   resulting   from   application   of   different   methods   of valuation  respecting properties of a similar nature and character.” (vi) In  Associated Cement Company Ltd. v. Commercial Tax   Officer37,   the   Supreme     Court   held   that   Section   7   of   the 37 (1981) 4 SCC 578. Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 95 ITXA626.10 Rajasthan Sales Tax Act 1954 which dealt with the submission of returns was not a charging section but a machinery section.  The Court held that while charging provisions have to be construed strictly,  machinery sections are not generally subject to a rigorous construction.     In   other   words,   machinery   sections   have   to   be construed in a manner such that the charge to tax is not defeated. The principle that arises from the case is that a machinery section should be so construed as to give effect to a charging provision.  A machinery section must bear interpretation  in accordance with the ordinary rules of construction which is that it must be construed in accordance with the clear intent of the legislature to make the charge levied effective. ­(vii) Sedco Forex International Drill Inc. v. Commissioner of Income Tax38  was a case where the Supreme Court considered whether the salary of an employee payable for field breaks  outside India would be subjected to tax under Section 9(1)(ii) read with the  explanation  thereto  in  the Income   Tax  Act  1961.      Under Section 5(2) the scope of total income as regards a non­resident 38 (2005) 279 ITR 310 (SC) Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 96 ITXA626.10 was   defined   with   reference   to   the   receipt   or   accrual   in   India, whether deemed or actual.   Section 9 defines income deemed to accrue or arise in India. By Clause (ii) of sub section (1) of Section 9, income which falls under the head ‘salaries’, if it is earned in India is included in such income.  The Gujarat High Court had held that the words “earned in India” had to be interpreted as “arising or accruing in India” and not “from service rendered in India”. Hence, as long as the liability to pay an amount under the head ‘salaries’ arose in India, Clause (ii) could be invoked.  To overcome this decision, Section 9(1)(ii) was amended by the Finance Act of 1983 with effect from 1 April 1979 to include an explanation.  The explanation provided that income of the nature referred to in the Clause  payable for service rendered in India shall be regarded as income earned in India.   The Gauhati High Court held that the explanation of 1983 was given effect  from 1 April 1979 and would therefore   not   apply   to  assessment   years   prior   thereto.     By  the Finance Bill of 1999 a new explanation was  substituted with effect from   1   April   2000   which   declared   that   income   of   the   nature referred to in the clause payable for service rendered in India and the rest period or leave period which is preceded and succeeded by Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 97 ITXA626.10 services rendered in India and forms part of the service contract shall be regarded as income earned in India.  The Supreme Court held that given the legislative history of Section 9(1)(ii) it was only to be assumed that the explanation was deliberately introduced with effect from 1 April 2000 and was therefore intended to apply prospectively.

The   Supreme   Court   adverted   to   three circumstances   :   firstly,   the   departmental   understanding   of   the effect of the 1999 amendment as contained   in a circular of the Central Board of Direct Taxes afforded a reasonable construction thereof and there was no reason why the Supreme Court should not adopt it.  Secondly, the cardinal principle of tax law is that the law to be applied is that in force in the relevant assessment year unless otherwise provided expressly or by necessary implication. Thirdly,   where   an   explanation   to   a   statutory   provision   merely clears up an ambiguity or is clarificatory, it must be read into the main provision with effect from the time when the main provision came into force.  But  if it changes the law, it is not presumed to be retrospective irrespective of the fact that the phrases used are “it is declared” or “for the removal of doubts”.  In that case, where the explanation sought to give an artificial meaning to the expression Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 98 ITXA626.10 “earned in India” and to bring about a change effectively in the existing law and in addition it was stated to come into force with effect   from   a   future   date,   no  principle   of   interpretation   would justify reading the provision retrospectively. (viii) In  Deputy   Commissioner   of   Income   Tax   v.   Core Health   Care   Limited,39  the   Supreme   Court   construed   the provisions   of   a   proviso   inserted   into   Section   36(1)(iii)   of   the Income Tax Act, 1961 by the Finance Act of 2003 with effect from 1 April 2004.  The Supreme Court held that the proviso would not apply to Assessment Years 1992­93 to 1997­98. (ix) In Commissioner of Income Tax v. Gold Coin Health ( P)  Ltd.,40 the question which arose before a larger Bench of the Supreme Court was whether a penalty under Section 271(1)( c) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 could be levied if the returned income was a loss.  This question had to be considered in the background of the amendment made by the Finance Act of 2002 with effect from 1 April 2003 in  Explanation 4 to Section 271(1)(c) (iii).  In 39 (2008) 298 ITR 194 40 304 ITR 308 (SC) Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 99 ITXA626.10 its earlier decision in the case of  Virtual Soft Systems Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax,41  the Supreme Court had rejected the   contention   of   the   Revenue   that   the   amendment   was clarificatory and retrospective holding that the amendment was stated to take effect from 1 April 2003.  In Gold Coin the larger Bench   held   that   the   Court   has   to   analyze   the   nature   of   the amendment to come to a conclusion   whether it is in reality a clarificatory or declaratory provision.  Hence, the date from which the amendment is made operative does not conclusively decide the question.   The Court would have to examine the scheme of the statute prior to the amendment and subsequent to the amendment to   determine   whether   the   amendment   is   clarificatory   or substantive.   Adverting to its earlier decision, the Supreme Court held that the definition of the expression  ‘income’ in Section 2(24) is   inclusive   and   includes   losses.     The   Finance   Act   had   merely intended to make what was otherwise implied, explicit.  Since the expression ‘income’ had been held by the Supreme Court to include losses, consequently where in a case on account of   addition of concealed income  the loss returned stands reduced,   a penalty 41 (2007) 9 SCC 665 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 100 ITXA626.10 would be leviable even prior to 1 April 2003 if the final assessed income is the loss.   The amendment was therefore regarded as being clarificatory in nature. 65. The   following   principles   guide   in   determining   as   to whether an amendment is prospective or retrospective: (i) In determining as to whether an amendment is to take effect   prospectively   or   with   retrospective   effect,   the   date   from which  the amendment is made operative  does not conclusively decide the question.   The Court has to examine the scheme of the statute prior to the amendment and subsequent to the amendment to determine whether an amendment is clarificatory or substantive; (ii)   An amendment which is clarificatory is regarded as being retrospective   in   nature   and   would   date   back   to   the   original statutory   provision   which   it   seeks   to   amend.     A   clarificatory amendment is an expression of intent which the legislature has always intended to hold the field.  A clarificatory amendment may be   introduced   in   certain   cases   to   set   at   rest   divergent   views Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 101 ITXA626.10 expressed   in   decided   cases   on   the   true   effect   of   a   statutory provision.  Where the legislature clarifies its intent, it is regarded as being declaratory of the law as it always stood and is therefore, construed to be retrospective; (iii) Where on the other hand, an amendment seeks to bring about  a substantive change  in  legal rights  and obligations,  the Court would not readily accept an interpretation of the amendment that would render it retrospective in character.  Clear words will be necessary     in   order   to   enable   the   Court   to   reach   to   such   a conclusion; (iv) Where the amendment is curative or where it is intended to   remedy   unintended   consequences   or   to   render   a   statutory provision workable, the amendment may be construed to relate back to the provision in respect of which it supplies a remedial effect; (v) Where   an   amendment   essentially   provides   a   rule   of evidence such as a method for the valuation of the property by Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 102 ITXA626.10 adopting   one   among   a   set   of   well   known   and   well   accepted methods   of   valuation   with   a   view   to   achieve   uniformity   in valuation   and   avoiding   disparate   valuations   resulting   from   the application of different methods in respect of properties of a similar nature and character, the Court would place a construction on the statutory provision, giving the retrospective effect. 66. These principles would have now to be construed in the context of the provisions of Section 14A.   The first point to be noted about the provisions of Section 14A and Rule 8D is that different dates have been provided   in these provisions for their enforcement : (i) Sub section (1) of Section 14A was inserted by the Finance Act of 2001 with retrospective effect from  1 April 1962; (ii) Sub sections (2) and (3) were inserted in Section 14A by the Finance Act of 2006 with effect from 1 April 2007; (iii) The proviso was inserted by the Finance Act of 2002 with retrospective effect from 11 May 2001; (iv) Rule 8D was inserted by the Income Tax (Fifth Amendment) Rules, 2008 by publication in the Gazette dated 24 March 2008.  Sub rule (2) of Rule 1 stipulates that the rules shall come into force from the date of their publication in the Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 103 ITXA626.10 Official Gazette.  This by itself is not conclusive.  Secondly,  prior to the   insertion   of   Section   14A   by   the   Finance   Act   of   2001   the Supreme   Court   had   held   in   its   decisions   in  Indian   Bank, Maharashtra   Sugars   and   Rajasthan   State   Warehousing Corporation (supra) that in the case of a composite and indivisible business which resulted in taxable and non­taxable income, it was impermissible   for   the   Assessing   Officer   to   apportion   the expenditure incurred in relation to such business as between the earning of taxable and non­taxable income.   Sub section (1) of Section 14A was inserted with retrospective effect   from 1 April 1962 to overcome the decisions of the Supreme Court.  At the same time, as has been noticed by the Supreme Court in its decision in Wolfort,   the   theory   of   apportionment   of   expenditure   between taxable   and   non­taxable   income   has,   in   principle,   been   now widened under Section 14A.  Reading Section 14 in juxtaposition with   Sections   15   to   59,   it   has   been   observed   that   the   words “expenditure incurred” in Section 14A   refer to expenditure on rent, tax, salary, interest etc. in respect of which  allowances are provided for.  Thirdly, sub sections (2) and (3) were introduced by a legislative amendment brought about by the Finance Act of 2006. Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 104 ITXA626.10 The memorandum explaining the provisions of the Finance Bill of 2006 recognizes that the existing provisions of Section 14A did not provide   a   method   of   computing   the   expenditure   incurred   in relation to income which does not form part of the total income. Consequently, there was a considerable amount of dispute between the tax payers and the department on the method of determining such expenditure.  It was in view of these disputes that Parliament inserted a new sub section (2) to permit the framing of subordinate legislation to provide a mandatory method for the Assessing Officer to follow in determining the expenditure incurred in relation to income  which  does   not  form     part  of  the  total  income,   if  the Assessing Officer was not satisfied with the correctness of the claim of the assessee. The memorandum provided that “this amendment will take effect from 1 April 2007 and will, accordingly apply in relation to the Assessment Year 2007­08 and subsequent years”.  A circular was issued by the CBDT on 28 December 2006 once again clarifying the position that the amendment would be applicable “from the Assessment Year 2007­08 onwards”.   At any rate this construction which has been placed on the amendment both in the memorandum explaining the provisions of the Finance Bill of 2006 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 105 ITXA626.10 and in the circular of the CBDT dated  28 December 2006 can be regarded   as   a   reasonable   interpretation   of   the   provision   as explained by the Supreme Court in its judgment in Sedco (supra). The fourth aspect of the matter which would merit emphasis, is the principle of law which has been laid down by the Supreme Court in Shravan   Kumar’s   case   (supra).     The   test   which   has   been formulated by the Supreme Court is as to whether the rule which is prescribed   by  subordinate  legislation  “merely   provides   a  choice amongst well known and well settled modes” – in that case of valuation.   In the case before the Supreme Court, the rule under the   Wealth   Tax   Rules   had   adopted   the   method   of   capitalizing income on a number of years’ purchase value.  The Supreme Court emphasized that this was essentially a rule of evidence as to the choice of one of the well accepted methods of valuation to achieve uniformity in valuation resulting from the application of different methods   to  properties   of   a   similar   nature   and  character.     The learned Additional Solicitor General has argued before us that the fact that Rule 8D is not in that sense an embodiment  of a “well known and well settled mode” or a “well accepted method” is no indicator in regard to its reasonableness.       We have upheld the Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 106 ITXA626.10 contention of the Union of India that Rule 8D is reasonable in its nature.   That, however, is not dispositive of the question as to whether the rule can be regarded as prospective or retrospective in nature.     In   determining   as   to   whether   a   rule   in   a   piece   of subordinate   legislation   is   to   be   regarded   as   prospective   or retrospective, an important aspect that has been emphasized by the Supreme Court in the aforesaid decision is as to whether the rule embodies what is essentially a well known, a well settled or well accepted method.  As a matter of fact in the present case there can be no doubt about the position that Rule 8D has essentially put into place an artificial method of estimating the expenditure that can be regarded as being relatable to income that does not form  part of the total income under the Act.  The learned Additional Solicitor General has both in the course of the oral arguments as well as in the written submissions emphasized before the Court that if the pro­rata  method     were   to be   applied   in  the  alternative   to the method provided in Rule 8D(2)(iii),  the amount of disallowance would be immense and would almost be disproportionate.  In the case   of   the   Appellant   itself,   for   the   assessment   year   under consideration,   on   an   expenditure   of   Rs.189.77   Crores   the Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 107 ITXA626.10 disallowance under the pro­rata method would be to the extent of Rs.82 Crores.  However, under the measure of 0.5% provided by Rule 8D(2)(iii), the disallowance has been computed at Rs.1.57 Crores. Before the insertion of Section 14A, there was no specific method of determining the expenditure incurred in relation to non­ taxable income.  Looking at the totality of the circumstances, the measure of 0.5% is reasonable.  Hence, while we have held that the method of computation  provided in Rule 8D is fair and reasonable to pass muster under Article 14, we are nonetheless of the view that  the method  must  take  effect  prospectively.    Finally, Sub­ section (4) of Section 295 of the Act provides as follows : “(4) The power to make rules conferred by this section shall include the power to give retrospective effect, from a date not earlier than the date of commencement of this Act, to the rules or any of them and, unless the contrary is   permitted   (whether   expressly   or   by   necessary implication), no retrospective effect shall be given to any rule   so   as   to   prejudicially   affect   the   interests   of assessees.” Sub­section   (4)   empowers   the   rule   making   authority   to   give retrospective effect to subordinate legislation.    However, unless expressly or by necessary indication, a contrary provision is made, Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 108 ITXA626.10 no   retrospective   effect   is   to   be   given   to   any   rule   so   as   to prejudicially affect the interests of the assessee. 67. Even   in   the   absence   of   sub   sections   (2)   and   (3)   of Section   14A   and   of   Rule   8D,   the   Assessing   Officer   was   not precluded from making apportionment.   Such an apportionment would have to be made in order to give effect to the substantive provisions of sub section (1) of Section 14A which provide that  no deduction would be allowed in respect of expenditure incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Act.  Consequently, dehors  the provisions of Sections (2) and (3) of Section 14A and Rule 8D, the Assessing Officer was entitled to determine by the application of a reasonable method what quantum of the expenditure incurred by the assessee would have to be disallowed on the ground that it was incurred in relation to the earning of income which does not form part of the total income under the Act.   Undoubtedly in determining what would constitute a reasonable method for effecting the disallowance, the Assessing Officer would have to give due regard to all the facts and circumstances of the case.   The change which is brought about by Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 109 ITXA626.10 the insertion of sub sections (2) and (3) into Section 14A by the Finance Act of 2006 with effect from 1 April 2007 is that in a situation   where   the   Assessing   Officer   is   not   satisfied   with   the correctness of the claim of the assessee in regard to the expenditure incurred by it in relation to the non­taxable income, the Assessing Officer would have to follow the method which is prescribed by the rules.   The rules were notified to come into force on 24 March 2008.  It is a trite principle of law that the law which would apply to an assessment year is the law prevailing on the first day of April. Consequently, Rule 8D which has been notified on 24 March 2008 would apply with effect from Assessment Year 2008­09.  The rule consequently cannot have application in respect of Assessment Year 2002­03 which is the year under consideration in this case. C.5  The order of restoration passed by the Tribunal 68. In the present  case,  the Tribunal  has relied upon  its judgment in the case of Daga Capital Management Pvt. Ltd

., in coming to the conclusion that the provisions of sub sections (2) and (3) of Section 14A are procedural in nature and therefore retrospective.  Having held thus, the Tribunal observed that under Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 110 ITXA626.10 sub   section   (2)   of   Section   14A,   the   Income   Tax   Officer   was required to satisfy himself  as regards the correctness of the claim of the assessee.  The Tribunal noted that the Assessing Officer had not examined the issue in the light of the provisions of Section 14A(2) (which were not enacted at the time when the assessment order was passed).  Hence, the Tribunal directed that the Assessing Officer to examine the issue denovo in view of the provisions of Section 14A(2). 69. For the reasons which we have noted earlier, we have come to the conclusion that the provisions of Rule 8D shall have no application to Assessment Year 2002­03 which is the year under consideration in this case.   At the same time, as we have noted, Section 14A(1) would have to be given effect to.   The principle underlying Section 14A(1) is that no deduction can be claimed in respect of the expenditure incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Act.  The dividend income earned by the assessee for Assessment Year 2002­03 does not form part of the total income in view of the provisions of Section 10(33) as they then stood.  Hence, the expenditure which Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 111 ITXA626.10 has been incurred in relation to the earning of that income would have to be apportioned and disallowed.  Even if Rule 8D has no application   to   Assessment   Year   2002­03   the   Assessing   Officer would be duty bound to compute the extent of the disallowance by the application of a reasonable method having regard to all the facts and circumstances of the case.   In order to facilitate this exercise, an order of   remand to the Assessing Officer would be necessary. 70. However, it has been urged on behalf of the assessee that there is no factual basis for making a disallowance in view of the   findings   recorded   by   the   Tribunal   for   Assessment   Years 1998­99, 1999­00 and 2001­02.   Hence, it was urged that the Tribunal had wrongly restored the proceedings to the Assessing Officer.     Now   a   perusal   of   the   findings   of   the   Tribunal   for Assessment Year 1998­99 would show that the Tribunal held that no   nexus   between   the   investments   made   by   the   assessee   in dividend earning shares and borrowings by the assessee has been established.     This   order   was   followed   for   Assessment   Years 1999­00   and   2001­02.     Counsel   appearing   on   behalf   of   the Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 112 ITXA626.10 assessee   submitted   that   as   against   its   investments   in   income yielding shares / units of mutual funds of Rs.125.54 Crores on 31 March 2002, the assessee had a share capital of Rs.6.55 Crores and reserves and surplus of Rs.274.09 Crores aggregating to Rs.280.64 Crores.  The inference which is sought to be drawn on behalf of the assessee by counsel is that the investments   were made by the assessee out of its own funds.   Moreover, it has been submitted that the investment which stood at Rs.127.20 Crores was reduced as on 31 March 2002 to Rs.125.54 Crores and there was a decrease in the investment during the previous year under consideration. Counsel placed reliance on the judgment of the Supreme Court in Radhasoami Satsang v. Commissioner of Income Tax42 to urge that though strictly speaking res judicata does not apply to income tax proceedings  each assessment year being a unit itself, where a fundamental aspect permeating through different assessment years has been found as a fact one way or the other  and parties have allowed that position to be sustained, it would not be appropriate to allow the position to be changed in a subsequent year.  Reliance was also sought to be placed upon the decisions of the Karnataka 42 (1992) 193 ITR 321 (SC). Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 113 ITXA626.10 High   Court   in  Commissioner   of   Income   Tax   v.   Sridev Enterprises43; of a Division Bench of this Court in Commissioner of Income Tax v. Reliance Utilities and Power Ltd.44 and on the decision of the Supreme Court in  Munjal Sales Corporation v. Commissioner of Income Tax45. 71. Now   before   we   deal   with   the   judgments   on   which reliance has been placed, it is necessary to appreciate the basis of the   decisions   of   the   Tribunal   for   Assessment   Years   1998­99, 1999­00 and 2001­02.   In all these decisions, the Tribunal held that no nexus had been established between  borrowed funds and investments by the assessee in dividend yielding shares / income yielding mutual funds.   Now assuming that this is so, the only conclusion which emerges is that the assessee had utilized its own funds for the purpose of making the investments.  The fact that the assessee   has   utilized   its   own   funds   in  making   the   investments would not be dispositive of the question as to whether the assessee had incurred expenditure in relation to the earning of such income. Even   if   the   assessee   has   utilized   its   own   funds   for   making 43 (1991) 192 ITR 165. 44 (2009) 313 ITR 340 (Bom). 45 (2008) 298 ITR 298 (SC). Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 114 ITXA626.10 investments  which have resulted in income which does not form part of the total income under the Act, the expenditure which is incurred   in   the   earning   of   that   income   would   have   to   be disallowed.    That is exactly a matter which the Assessing Officer has to determine.  Whether or not any expenditure was incurred by the assessee in relation to the earning of non­taxable income falls within the domain of the Assessing Officer.  The basis on which the Tribunal had come to its decision for Assessment Years 1998­99, 1999­00 and 2001­02 would not conclude that question. 72. The precedents on which reliance has been placed by the assessee would have now to be analyzed.  The Supreme Court in its   judgment   in    Radhasoami   Satsang   (supra)   held   that  res judicata  does not apply to income tax proceedings   since each assessment year is a unit.  However, where a fundamental aspect permeating through different assessment years has been found as a fact one way or the other  and parties have allowed that position to be   sustained   by   not   challenging   that   order,   it   would   not   be appropriate to allow the position to be changed in a subsequent year, in the absence of any material change justifying the Revenue Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 115 ITXA626.10 to take a different view of the matter.  Moreover, in the concluding part of the judgment the Supreme Court has held that this decision “is confined to the facts of the case and may not be treated as an authority   on   aspects   which   have   been   decided   for   general application”46.  The decision of the Supreme Court in Munjal Sales Corporation (Supra) turned purely on the facts of the case.  The Supreme Court noted that the opening balance as on 1 April 1994 was Rs.1.91 Crores whereas the loan given to a sister concern was a small amount of Rs.5 lacs.   The profits earned by the assessee during the relevant year were held to be sufficient to cover the loan of Rs.5 lacs.   In the decision of the Division Bench of this Court in  Reliance Utilities  (supra) the Division Bench has held that   “if   there   be   interest   free   funds   available   to   an   assessee sufficient to meet its investments and at the same time the assessee had raised a loan it can be presumed that the investments were from   the   interest   free   funds   available”.     The   decision   of   the Division Bench turned on a finding of fact by the Tribunal that there were sufficient interest free funds available in that case.  The judgment in Reliance Utilities shows that there were interest free 46 at page 329. Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 116 ITXA626.10 owned funds available and not merely reserves.   In  East India Pharmaceutical Works Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax47 the Supreme Court in the facts of the case refused to draw any such   presumption.     In   the   case   of   the   assessee,   the   learned Additional Solicitor General has submitted that the reference is made only to reserves and there is no mention of interest free funds.  It has been urged that reserves are shown on the liabilities side of the balance­sheet and are represented by a variety of assets on the assets side.       These assets could be fixed or non liquid assets and hence not investible.  The real enquiry is whether there are interest free funds available  on the assets side and in the absence of sufficient proof of available interest free funds, no such presumption can be drawn.  Moreover, it has been urged that after the introduction of Section 14A(1), no such presumption can in any   event   be   drawn,   since   Parliament   expressly   requires apportionment.    We   recapitulate   our   conclusions   on   this   point thus: a) The ITAT had recorded a finding in the earlier assessments that the investments in shares and mutual funds have been 47 (1997) 224 ITR 627. Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 117 ITXA626.10 made out of own funds and not out of borrowed funds and that   there   is   no   nexus   between   the   investments   and   the borrowings.   However, in none of those decisions was the disallowability  of  expenses  incurred  in relation   to exempt income earned out of investments made out of own funds considered.     Moreover,   under   Section   14A,   expenditure incurred in relation to exempt income can be disallowed only if the assessing officer is not satisfied with the correctness of the expenditure claimed by the assessee.  In the present case, no such exercise has been carried out and, therefore, the Tribunal was justified in remanding the matter. b) Section 14A   was introduced by the Finance Act 2001 with retrospective effect from 1 April 1962. However, in view of the   proviso   to   that   Section,   the   disallowance   thereunder could be effectively made from assessment year 2001­2002 onwards.   The fact that the Tribunal failed to consider the applicability   of   Section   14A   in   its   proper   perspective,   for assessment year 2001­2002 would not bar the Tribunal from considering disallowance under Section 14A in assessment Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 118 ITXA626.10 year 2002­2003. c) The   decisions   reported   in  Sridev   Enterprises(supra), Munjal   Sales   Corporation  (supra)   and  Radhasoami Satsang (supra) holding that there must be consistency and definiteness in the approach of the revenue would not apply to   the   facts   of   the   present   case,   because   of   the   material change   introduced   by   Section   14A   by   way   of   statutory disallowance in certain cases.  Therefore, the decisions of the Tribunal  in  the   earlier   years  would   have   no relevance  in considering disallowance in assessment year 2002­2003 in the light of Section 14A of the Act. 73. For the reasons which we have indicated, we have come to the conclusion that under Section 14A(1) it is for the Assessing Officer to determine as to whether the assessee had incurred any expenditure in relation to the earning of income which does not form part of the total income under the Act and if so to quantify the extent of the disallowance.  The Assessing Officer would have to arrive at his determination after furnishing an opportunity to the assessee to produce its accounts and to place on the record all Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 119 ITXA626.10 relevant   material   in   support   of   the   circumstances   which   are considered to be relevant and germane.  For this purpose and in light   of   our   observations   made   earlier   in   this   section   of   the judgment, we deem it appropriate  and proper to   remand the proceedings back to the Assessing Officer for a fresh determination. Conclusion : 74. Our conclusions in this judgment are as follows : i) Dividend   income   and   income   from   mutual   funds   falling within the ambit of Section 10(33) of the Income Tax Act 1961, as was applicable for Assessment Year 2002­03 is not includible  in computing the total income  of  the assessee. Consequently, no deduction shall be allowed in respect of expenditure   incurred   by   the   assessee   in   relation   to   such income which does not form part of the total income under the Act, by virtue of the provisions of Section 14A(1); ii) The payment by a domestic company under Section 115O(1) of additional income tax on profits declared, distributed or paid   is   a   charge   on   a   component   of   the   profits   of   the Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 120 ITXA626.10 company.  The company is chargeable to tax on its profits as a distinct taxable entity and it pays  tax in discharge of its own liability and not on behalf of or as an agent for its shareholders.     In   the   hands   of   the   shareholder   as   the recipient of dividend, income by way of dividend does not form part of the total income by virtue of the provisions of Section 10(33).   Income from mutual funds stands on the same basis; iii)The provisions of sub sections (2) and (3) of Section 14A of the Income Tax Act 1961 are constitutionally valid; iv)The   provisions   of   Rule   8D   of   the   Income   Tax   Rules   as inserted by the Income Tax (Fifth Amendment) Rules 2008 are   not   ultra   vires   the   provisions   of   Section   14A,   more particularly sub section (2) and do not offend Article 14 of the Constitution; v) The provisions of Rule 8D of the Income Tax Rules which have been notified with effect from 24 March 2008 shall apply with effect from Assessment Year 2008­09; vi)Even prior to Assessment Year 2008­09, when Rule 8D was not   applicable,   the   Assessing   Officer   has   to   enforce   the Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 121 ITXA626.10 provisions   of   sub   section   (1)   of   Section   14A.     For   that purpose, the Assessing Officer is duty bound to determine the expenditure which has been incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Act. The   Assessing   Officer   must   adopt   a   reasonable   basis   or method   consistent   with   all   the   relevant   facts   and circumstances after furnishing a reasonable opportunity to the assessee to place all germane material on the record; vii)The proceedings for Assessment Year 2002­03 shall stand remanded   back   to   the   Assessing   Officer.     The   Assessing Officer   shall   determine   as   to   whether   the   assessee   has incurred any expenditure (direct or indirect) in relation to dividend income / income from mutual funds which does not form part of the total income as contemplated under Section 14A.  The Assessing Officer can adopt a reasonable basis for effecting   the   apportionment. While   making   that determination,   the   Assessing   Officer   shall   provide   a reasonable   opportunity   to   the   assessee   of   producing   its accounts and relevant or germane material having a bearing on the facts and circumstances of the case. Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49

VBC 122 ITXA626.10 75. The appeal and the writ petition shall stand disposed of accordingly. 76. There shall be no order as to costs. (Dr. D.Y.Chandrachud, J.)

(J.P. Devadhar, J.) Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:49 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

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