Section 2(45) of the Income Tax Act
The decision most relied on for Section 2(45) is Commissioner of Income-tax v. Nizam's Suppl. Religious Endowment Trust (127 ITR 378), cited in 87 of the 66 judgments on BharatTax that turn on this section.
Leading authorities on Section 2(45)
Income of a charitable trust, other than from a business undertaking covered by Section 11(4), is determined based on its books of account. Payments of income tax and wealth tax by the trust are considered an application of income for charitable purposes under Section 11.
Profits attributable to a Permanent Establishment (PE) in India can be conservatively estimated, such as by applying a percentage of global profits to Indian sales, when the PE's activities in India are minimal.
The genuineness of a transaction does not constitute a reasonable cause for the non-levy of penalty under Section 271D of the Income Tax Act, 1961.