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“genuineness of the transaction”

Cash Credits & Unexplained ItemsSection 68Section 685,938 judgments

The decision most relied on for genuineness of the transaction is Sumati Dayal v. CIT (214 ITR 801), cited in 1,967 judgments on BharatTax.

Leading authorities on genuineness of the transaction

Sumati Dayal v. CIT
214 ITR 801 · 1995 · Supreme Court
1,967
citing judgments

The Revenue is entitled to look behind the apparent form of a transaction to discover its true nature, applying the test of human probabilities and surrounding circumstances. If transactions defy logic or are unnatural, they can be treated as bogus, even if supported by some documentation, especially in cases of cash credits or unexplained investments.

CIT v. Durga Prasad More
82 ITR 540 · 1971 · Supreme Court
1,579
citing judgments

Tax authorities must judge evidence using the test of human probabilities and consider the apparent as real until there are reasons to believe it is not. They can rely on circumstantial evidence and the preponderance of probabilities to determine the genuineness of transactions.

CIT v. Orissa Corporation Pvt. Ltd.
159 ITR 78 · 1986 · Supreme Court
897
citing judgments

When an assessee provides the identity and address of a creditor or investor for a cash credit or share capital under Section 68, the burden shifts to the Department to establish lack of genuineness or creditworthiness, requiring it to conduct further inquiries; mere non-compliance by third parties to summons cannot be the sole basis for an adverse inference against the assessee.

CIT v. Lovely Exports (P) Ltd.
216 CTR 195 · 2008 · Supreme Court
854
citing judgments

If an assessee company receives share application money from alleged bogus shareholders and provides their details to the Assessing Officer, no addition can be made under Section 68 in the company's hands; the Department must proceed against the shareholders by reopening their individual assessments.

McDowell & Co. Ltd. v. CTO
154 ITR 148 · 1985 · Supreme Court
741
citing judgments

The Supreme Court held that while legitimate tax planning is permissible, transactions structured as a "colourable device" or "subterfuge" solely to avoid tax are impermissible. It mandates a judicial shift to look beyond the form to the substance of a transaction, allowing the lifting of the corporate veil in tax evasion arrangements.

(Central)-1 v. NRA Iron & Steel (P) Ltd.
103 Taxmann.com 48 · 2019 · Supreme Court
696
citing judgments

When assessing cash credits, share capital, or loans, the assessee bears the onus to prove the identity, creditworthiness, and genuineness of transactions. This burden is not discharged merely by documentary evidence if field inquiries reveal accommodation entries or dealings with paper/shell companies.

Kale Khan Mohammad Hanif v. CIT
50 ITR 1 · 1963 · Supreme Court
581
citing judgments

The assessee bears the onus of proving the source and nature of any sum of money or receipt found to have been received by them. If the assessee fails to satisfactorily explain the receipt, the Income-tax Officer is entitled to treat it as taxable income.

Umacharan Shaw & Bros. v. CIT
37 ITR 271 · 1959 · Supreme Court
567
citing judgments

An income tax assessment or addition cannot be sustained solely on the basis of suspicion, surmises, or conjectures, as strong suspicion does not amount to proof. The revenue authorities must rely on concrete evidence and material to frame an assessment.

Judgments citing genuineness of the transaction

Chemangattu Jose John, Kottayam vs. The Deputy Commissioner of Income Tax, Circle International Taxation, Tvm

In the result, the appeal of the assessee is allowed

ITA 58/COCH/2025[2015-2016]Status: DisposedITAT Cochin12 Jun 2025AY 2015-2016

Bench: Shri Inturi Rama Rao & Shri Sonjoy Sarmaassessment Years: 2015-16 Chemangattu Jose John Dcit, Circle International V. Taxation, Tvm Chemangattu House, Koodalloor Post, Meenachil Taluk, Kottayam, Kerala 686595. Pan : Atxpj2649R. (Appellant) (Respondent) Appellant By : Shri R Krishnan, Ca Respondent By : Shri Suresh Sivanandan, Irs, Cit-Dr. Date Of Hearing : 03.06.2025 Date Of Pronouncement : 12.06.2025 O R D E R Per Sonjoy Sarma: This Appeal Is Filed By The Assessee Against The Order Dated 22.11.2024 Passed By The Dcit Circle Intl. Txn, Tvm (Hereinafter Referred To As ‘Cit(A)’] U/S 147 R.W.S 144C(13) Of The Income Tax Act (‘Act’) For The Assessment Year 2015–16. 2. Brief Facts Of The Case Are That During The Relevant Assessment Year, The Assessee Had Sold Two Agricultural Properties Totaling To Rs.15,59,000/-. The Actual Sale Consideration Was Rs.34,00,000/- & However, As Per Registered Deed, The Sale Consideration Was Rs.15,59,000 & Balance Rs.18,41,000/- Remains Unexplained. The Assessing Officer Made An Addition Of 2 Chemangattu Jose John Rs.18,41,000/- U/S 69A Of The Act As The Assessee Failed To Give Satisfactory Reply Before Him.

For Appellant: Shri R Krishnan, CAFor Respondent: Shri Suresh Sivanandan, IRS, CIT-DR
Section 147Section 69Section 69A

disputed that the monies were reached through normal banking channel and once the assessee has proved the identity of the buyer, genuineness of the transaction and source of fund, the initial burden stands discharged. The revenue has not brought any record showing the consideration exceeded Rs.34,00,000/- for that

Baiju Lekshmanan, Kollam vs. ITO, Ward 1 & Tps, Alappuzha

In the result, the appeal of the assessee is dismissed

ITA 144/COCH/2025[2017-18]Status: DisposedITAT Cochin12 Jun 2025AY 2017-18

Bench: Shri Inturi Rama Rao & Shri Sonjoy Sarmaassessment Years: 2017-18 Baiju Lekshmanan Ito, Ward-1 & Tps, V. Alappuzha Marackasseril, Atiramthengu, Alumpeedika Po, Prayar South, Kollam – 690547. Pan : Ambpl8921A. (Appellant) (Respondent) Appellant By : Shri Akhil Shaji, Advocate Respondent By : Smt. Leena Lal, Snr Ar. Date Of Hearing : 03.06.2025 Date Of Pronouncement : 12.06.2025 O R D E R Per Sonjoy Sarma: This Appeal Is Filed By The Assessee Against The Order Dated 27.11.2024 By The National Faceless Appeal Centre (Hereinafter Referred To As ‘Cit(A)’] For The Assessment Year 2017–18. 2. The Registry Has Informed That The Appeal Filed By The Assessee Is Barred By Limitation By 17 Days. An Application Seeking Condonation Of Delay For 17 Days Has Been Filed By The Assessee Explaining Reasons For Such Delay. We, After Considering The Application For Condoning The Delay, Condone The Delay & Admit The Appeal For Adjudication.

For Appellant: Shri Akhil Shaji, AdvocateFor Respondent: Smt. Leena Lal, Snr AR
Section 133(6)Section 139Section 143(2)Section 147Section 69A

Though the assessee claims that cash deposits were received out of fish sales, there is no proof to substantiate his claim. The genuineness of the transaction, the identity of the buyers and the creditworthiness of the transactions remain unexplained." Accordingly the AO passed Order u/s 147 r.w.s. 144B ... Baiju Lekshmanan (d) It is ample clear that the appellant does not have any evidence/proof to substantiate the submissions made by him. The genuineness of the transaction, the identity of the buyers and the creditworthiness of the transactions remain unexplained. Hence, the addition made by the A.O. is upheld