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“tangible material”

ReassessmentSection 147Section 1472,812 judgments

The decision most relied on for tangible material is CIT v. Kelvinator of India Ltd. (320 ITR 561), cited in 1,673 judgments on BharatTax.

Leading authorities on tangible material

CIT v. Kelvinator of India Ltd.
320 ITR 561 · 2010 · Supreme Court
1,673
citing judgments

An Assessing Officer cannot initiate reassessment proceedings under Section 147 of the Income Tax Act based on a mere change of opinion. Reassessment is permissible only when there is fresh tangible material leading to the belief of income escapement, not merely a review of existing facts.

ACIT v. Rajesh Jhaveri Stock Brokers Pvt. Ltd.
291 ITR 500 · 2007 · Supreme Court
1,030
citing judgments

For initiating reassessment proceedings under Section 147, the Assessing Officer needs only prima facie material providing a reason to believe that income has escaped assessment. Conclusive proof or the sufficiency/correctness of the material is not required at the stage of issuing the notice under Section 148.

CIT v. Kelvinator of India Ltd.
256 ITR 1 · 2002 · High Court
439
citing judgments

An Assessing Officer cannot reopen an assessment under Section 147 based on a mere change of opinion regarding the same material available during the original assessment. Reopening requires fresh, tangible material or information that leads to a reason to believe income has escaped assessment.

CIT v. Orient Craft Ltd.
354 ITR 536 · 2013 · High Court
366
citing judgments

Reassessment of income, especially after a summary assessment under Section 143(1), requires the Assessing Officer to possess fresh, tangible material to form a reason to believe that income has escaped assessment; a mere reappraisal of existing records or a change of opinion without new material is not permissible.

222 Taxman 15 (Gujarat)(MAG.), Principal Commissioner of Income-tax-4 v. G & G Pharma India Ltd.
384 ITR 147 · 2016 · High Court
274
citing judgments

An assessment can be reopened if there is tangible material indicating escapement of income, demonstrating a live link between the material and the reasons recorded for reopening. The Assessing Officer must apply their mind to the material facts, and the sanction under section 151 should not be based on borrowed satisfaction.

PCIT v. RMG Polyvinyl (I) Ltd.
396 ITR 5 · 2017 · High Court
272
citing judgments

Reassessment based solely on information from the Investigation Wing, without the Assessing Officer conducting further inquiry or demonstrating an independent application of mind, is unjustified and invalid.

CIT v. Foramer France
264 ITR 566 · 2003 · Supreme Court
253
citing judgments

Reassessment proceedings initiated under Section 147 beyond four years from the end of the relevant assessment year are invalid unless the assessee failed to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for assessment. Without such failure, the notice issued under Section 148 is time-barred and without jurisdiction.

Haryana Acrylic Manufacturing Company v. CIT
308 ITR 38 · 2009 · High Court
248
citing judgments

Reassessment proceedings are invalid if the reasons recorded for initiating action under section 148 are not served on the assessee within the limitation period prescribed by section 149. Furthermore, reassessment cannot be based on a mere change of opinion without tangible material, particularly when the assessee has made a full and true disclosure of material facts.

Judgments citing tangible material

Navneetbhai Ramanlal Patel, Ahmedabad vs. The ITO, Ward-2(1)(2), Ahmedabad

In the result, the appeal of the assessee is allowed

ITA 223/AHD/2025[2016-17]Status: DisposedITAT Ahmedabad04 Nov 2025AY 2016-17

Bench: Dr. Brr Kumar & Shri Siddhartha Nautiyalआयकर अपील सं /Ita No.223/Ahd/2025 िनधा"रण वष" /Assessment Year : 2016-17 Navneetbhai Ramanlal Patel The Ito बनाम/ 19, New Ambica Park Society Ward-2(1)(2) V/S. D Cabin Sabarmati Ahmedabad – 380 051 Ahmedabad – 380 019 "थायी लेखा सं./Pan: Aqzpp 2479 D (अपीलाथ"/ Appellant) ("" यथ"/ Respondent) Assessee By : Shri Hiren Trivedi, Ar Revenue By : Shri C. Dharani Nath, Sr.Dr सुनवाई की तारीख/Date Of Hearing : 17/09/2025 घोषणा की तारीख /Date Of Pronouncement: 04/11/2025 आदेश/O R D E R Per Siddhartha Nautiyal, Jm: The Present Appeal Has Been Preferred By The Assessee Against The Order Of The Learned Commissioner Of Income Tax (Appeals), National Faceless Appeal Centre (Nfac), Delhi [Hereinafter Referred To As ‘Cit(A)’] Dated 14/10/2024 Passed U/S.250 Of The Income Tax Act, 1961 (Hereinafter Referred To As ‘The Act’) For The Assessment Year (Ay) 2016-2017. 2. The Assessee Has Raised The Following Grounds Of Appeal:

For Appellant: Shri Hiren Trivedi, ARFor Respondent: Shri C. Dharani Nath, Sr.DR
Section 143(1)Section 144Section 147Section 148Section 234ASection 250Section 271(1)(c)

information received from the Investigation Wing and from the Bombay Stock Exchange without identifying the specific transaction or scrip involved or bringing any tangible material on record to connect the assessee with any such alleged manipulation or accommodation entry. 9. It is a settled principle of law that the “reasons ... believe” must be based on specific, relevant, and tangible material and cannot be founded upon vague, general, or borrowed information. The absence of specific details of any alleged bogus scrip or the manner in which the assessee is alleged to have derived fictitious loss renders the formation of belief mechanical

Deputy Commissioner of Income-Tax, Central Circle-4, Surat vs. Vikas Nangalia, Surat

In the result, appeal of revenue and CO of assessee are dismissed

ITA 972/SRT/2024[2020-21]Status: DisposedITAT Surat31 Oct 2025AY 2020-21

Bench: Shri Dinesh Mohan Sinha & Shri Bijayananda Prusethआयकर अपील सं./Ita No.972/Srt/2024& Assessment Year: 2020-21 (Physical Court Hearing) Deputy Commissioner Of Vikas Nangalia बनाम/ Income-Tax, Central Circle-4, D-1112, Canal Road, Surya Green Vs. Surat Room No.508, Majura View, Vesu, Surat-395 007 Gate, Surat-395 001 "थायीलेखासं./जीआइआरसं./Pan/Gir No: Acxpn 1361 L (अपीलाथ"/Appellant) (""थ" /Respondent) ""ा"ेप सं /Co No.26/Srt/2024 (A/O Ita No.972/Srt/2024) Assessment Year: 2020-21 Vikas Nangalia Deputy Commissioner Of बनाम/ D-1112, Canal Road, Surya Green Income-Tax, Central Circle-4, Vs. View, Vesu, Surat-395 007 Surat Room No.508, Majura Gate, Surat-395 001 "थायीलेखासं./जीआइआरसं./Pan/Gir No: Acxpn 1361 L (Co-Objector) (""थ" /Respondent) आयकर अपील सं./Ita No.848/Srt/2024& Assessment Year: 2021-22 Deputy Commissioner Of Vikas Nangalia बनाम/ Income-Tax, Central Circle-4, D-1112, Canal Road, Surya Green Vs. Surat Room No.508, Majura View, Vesu, Surat-395 007 Gate, Surat-395 001 "थायीलेखासं./जीआइआरसं./Pan/Gir No: Acxpn 1361 L (अपीलाथ"/Appellant) (""थ" /Respondent) िनधा"रती की ओर से /Assessee By Shri Ramesh Malpani, Ca राज" की ओर से /Revenue By Shri Mukesh Jain, Cit-Dr सुनवाई की तारीख/Date Of Hearing 08/09/2025 उद्घोषणा की तारीख/Date Of Pronouncement 31/10/2025

Section 143(3)Section 250Section 69ASection 69C

Vikas Nangalia 10.3 Considering the totality of facts and the precedent cited supra, we are of the view that there was no tangible material with the AO for holding that the on-money of Rs.16,00,00,000/- was received by the assessee for sale of the said land

Deputy Commissioner of Income Tax, Central Circle-4, Surat, Aaykar Bhawan, Majura Gate vs. Vikas Nangalia, Vesu Surat, Gujarat

In the result, appeal of revenue and CO of assessee are dismissed

ITA 848/SRT/2024[2021-22]Status: DisposedITAT Surat31 Oct 2025AY 2021-22

Bench: Shri Dinesh Mohan Sinha & Shri Bijayananda Prusethआयकर अपील सं./Ita No.972/Srt/2024& Assessment Year: 2020-21 (Physical Court Hearing) Deputy Commissioner Of Vikas Nangalia बनाम/ Income-Tax, Central Circle-4, D-1112, Canal Road, Surya Green Vs. Surat Room No.508, Majura View, Vesu, Surat-395 007 Gate, Surat-395 001 "थायीलेखासं./जीआइआरसं./Pan/Gir No: Acxpn 1361 L (अपीलाथ"/Appellant) (""थ" /Respondent) ""ा"ेप सं /Co No.26/Srt/2024 (A/O Ita No.972/Srt/2024) Assessment Year: 2020-21 Vikas Nangalia Deputy Commissioner Of बनाम/ D-1112, Canal Road, Surya Green Income-Tax, Central Circle-4, Vs. View, Vesu, Surat-395 007 Surat Room No.508, Majura Gate, Surat-395 001 "थायीलेखासं./जीआइआरसं./Pan/Gir No: Acxpn 1361 L (Co-Objector) (""थ" /Respondent) आयकर अपील सं./Ita No.848/Srt/2024& Assessment Year: 2021-22 Deputy Commissioner Of Vikas Nangalia बनाम/ Income-Tax, Central Circle-4, D-1112, Canal Road, Surya Green Vs. Surat Room No.508, Majura View, Vesu, Surat-395 007 Gate, Surat-395 001 "थायीलेखासं./जीआइआरसं./Pan/Gir No: Acxpn 1361 L (अपीलाथ"/Appellant) (""थ" /Respondent) िनधा"रती की ओर से /Assessee By Shri Ramesh Malpani, Ca राज" की ओर से /Revenue By Shri Mukesh Jain, Cit-Dr सुनवाई की तारीख/Date Of Hearing 08/09/2025 उद्घोषणा की तारीख/Date Of Pronouncement 31/10/2025

Section 143(3)Section 250Section 69ASection 69C

Vikas Nangalia 10.3 Considering the totality of facts and the precedent cited supra, we are of the view that there was no tangible material with the AO for holding that the on-money of Rs.16,00,00,000/- was received by the assessee for sale of the said land

ACIT-CC-7(3), Mumbai vs. Swikrutee Finance Private Limited, Mumbai

In the result, Appeal filed by the Revenue Department stands dismissed

ITA 610/MUM/2025[2014-15]Status: DisposedITAT Mumbai31 Oct 2025AY 2014-15

Bench: Shri Narender Kumar Choudhryshri Prabhash Shankarassessment Year: 2014-15 Acit-Cc-7(3) Swikrutee Finance Private Room No. 655, Floor 6Th, Limited Aayakar Bhavan, M.K.Road, Office No. Ii 289 Emca Vs. Mumbai- 400020 House, S B S Road, Mumbai 400001 Pan: Aaocs2723H (Appellant) (Respondent) Present For: Assessee By : Shri Vimal Punmiya Shri Anand Mundra Revenue By : Shri Leyaqat Ali Aafaqui, Ld. Sr.A.R. Date Of Hearing : 29.09.2025 Date Of Pronouncement : 31.10.2025 O R D E R Per : Narender Kumar Choudhry: This Appeal Has Been Preferred By The Revenue Against The Order Dated 24.06.2025, Impugned Herein, Passed By The National Faceless Appeal Center (Nfac)/ Ld. Commissioner Of Income Tax (Exemption) (In Short ‘Ld. Commissioner’) U/S 250 Of The Income Tax Act, 1961 (In Short ‘Act’) For The Assessment Year 2014-15. 2. In The Instant Case, The Assessee Is Registered As Non-Banking Financial Company (Nbfc) With Reserve Bank Of India & Engaged In The Financial Requirement Of Emerging Small & Medium Enterprises (Sme) Segment, Including Rendering An Advisory Services Relating To Financial Aspect.

For Appellant: Shri Vimal PunmiyaFor Respondent: Shri Leyaqat Ali Aafaqui, Ld. Sr.A.R
Section 143(3)Section 147Section 148Section 250

first re-assessment u/s 147 of the Act, as the same was received post assessment from the investigation, which can be considered as tangible material. The Ld. DR further submitted that the Ld. Commissioner has erred in ignoring the fact that M/s. Panchkoti Promoters Pvt. Ltd was strike of company