ARC LINE (MAURITIUS),MUMBAI vs. DCIT (INTL. TAX) RANGE 1(1)(2), MUMBAI

4. Without prejudice to all the aforesaid grounds, on the facts and circumstances of the case and in law, the Ld. CIT(A) has legally erred in computing profits of the Appellant Company under section 44B of the Act, thereby disregarding the profits actually earned by the Appellant Company from its Indian operations, ignoring the decision of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of Union of India v. Sanyasi Rao 219 ITR 330(SC).

3. Briefly stated, the facts are that the appellant-company is a non- resident company incorporated in Mauritius. It is engaged in the business of shipping. It declared income from shipping activities, but claimed it as exempt under provisions of Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (‘DTAA’) by taking support of Article-8 of DTAA entered ARC Line (Mauritius) India and Mauritius. The Assessing Officer (AO), however, held that Article-8 of Indo-Mauritius DTAA will apply only if place of effective management is situated either in India or Mauritius. The AO gave a finding that the place of effective management is located in Gulf Countries and hence Article-8 will not apply. In this regard, he took support of the view expressed by Mr. Klaus Vogel on International Taxation. The AO further noticed that the assessee had appointed an Indian company named M/s Freight Connection (India) Pvt. Ltd. as its agent. He took the above Indian company as agency PE of the assessee. The AO also held that the business premises of M/s Freight Connection (India) P. Ltd. also constitute fixed place PE of the assessee. Accordingly, he held that the assessee is having PE in India within the meaning of Article-5 of DTAA and therefore, brought income of the assessee to tax under Article-7 of the Indo-Mauritius DTAA under the head “business”. In appeal, the Ld. CIT(A) confirmed the same and hence the assessee has filed the present appeal.

ARC Line (Mauritius) On the other hand, the Ld. Departmental Representative (DR) supports the order passed by the Ld. CIT(A).

The Tribunal in assessee’s own case for AYs 1998-99 to 2012-13 (supra) observed that this issue has been decided against the assessee by the Co-ordinate Bench vide order dated 20.02.2018 in the case of M/s Baylines (Mauritius) in and others. The operative portion of the above order as extracted by the Tribunal reads as under :

“Before we decide the merits of the case, it is necessary to evaluate the orders passed by Ld. CIT(A) which is contained in para no. 2 & 3 in its order. The operative portion of the order of Ld. CIT(A) contained in para no. 3, 3.1 & 3.2 of its order and the same is reproduced below:- “3. I have considered the submission of the appellant counsel carefully and the order of the A.0 The first limb of the argument of Mr.Dinesh Kanabar is about the effective management which is based on Article 4 of the DTAA. According to Article 1 theconvention shall apply to a person who are resident of one or bothof the contracting state. The Article 4 defines resident. The ARC Line (Mauritius) Article4(3) provides a formula where there is a tiebreaker i.e. if theperson is resident in both the contracting state his status-of hisresidence in a particular contracting state is to be decided as perarticle 4(3) of the DTAA. The article 4(3) does not define theeffective management i.e. not vice versa, in the present caserelying on different decisions, Mr. Dinesh Kanabar had tried toprove that the effective management of the appellant is inMauritius because the appellant is a resident of Mauritius. In myopinion, it is not a correct definition nor proper way to come to aconclusion of effective management of the company. In the presentcase there is no dispute that the appellant is a resident ofMauritius and as per Indian Income tax Act, non- resident in India.Therefore there is no necessity to consider the different ruling ofthe Advance Authority-Ruling as cited above, The AdvanceRulings are not binding to other assessee except the case in whichthe AAR Ruling have given their findings. There is a separatearticle in convention which indicates that there can be effectivemanagement other than two contracting state. Article 8(1) and 8(2)read as:

"(1) Profits from the operation of ships or aircraft ininternational traffic stall be taxable only in Contracting Statein which the place of effective Management of the enterprise issituated.

(2) If the place of effective management of a shippingenterprise is aboard a ship, then it shall be deemed to besituated in the Contracting State in which the home harbour ofthe ship is situated or, if there is no such home harbour, in theContracting State of which the operator of the ship is aresident."

3.1. Thus there is a possibility of effective management otherthan the contracting state. In the earlier paragraph, Mr. DineshKanabar himself had admitted that the appellant has beengranted Tax Residency Certificate of Mauritius after satisfyingcertainconditions as mentioned in para.

ARC Line (Mauritius) 3.2 It is also a known fact that the shareholders are of UAEresidence i.e. Reis Brothers. The other directors are only on theCompany's board only to satisfy the conditions of the MauritiusGovernment. In the board minutes which have been producedbefore me, it is Found that all the decisions have been left out tothe UAE agent and are of routine nature. In fact from theassessment order it is found that the main agent M/s FreightConnection (I) Pvt. Ltd. in India was appointed as an agent on 20-6-1995 on a letter head showing its address as Dubai, UAE. Aletter dated 12-4-2000 from M/s Baylines addressed to A.O. alsooriginated from Dubai. All these indicate that though the companywas registered in Mauritius but the major policy decisions weretaken at the UAE. Thus., in my opinion, the place of effectivemanagement is the place where the key and commercialdecisionsthat are necessary for the business or in substance theplace of effective management will originally be a place where themost senior person or a group of persons make its decisions, theplace where the action to be taken is an entity as a whole ordetermined. In view of the above fact, I too, feel that the effectivemanagement of the appellant is neither in Mauritius nor in India.Mr. Klaus Vogel in his book-of International Taxation, who is aneminent authority of International taxation has stated that if theeffective management of enterprise is not in one of the ContractingStates, but is situated in the third state, the benefit of the article &cannot he extended. The same is reproduced as below:-

"Article 8 furthermore applies only when the enterprises place ofeffective management is situated in a contracting State. Wheneverit is situated in a third 'State: the relationship between the twocontracting States is governed by the permanent establishmentprinciple laid down in Article 7. In a case in which the OTC articlecorresponding to Article 8 MC established that an exemption ofincome was dependent on the airplane being registered in theother contracting State, but where it was registered in the ARC Line (Mauritius) USA,the I.R.S. likewise applied the treaty provision/Corresponding toArticle 7 instead (LTR 9513008: DTC USA/Ireland).

3.3 Thus the argument of Mr. Dinesh Kanabar that the effectivemanagement can be only in between two contracting state is notcorrect. Accordingly, I hold that the effective management of theappellant is neither in Mauritius nor in India but in a thirdcountry. Accordingly, the appellant is not entitled for the benefit ofArticle 8 of the DTAA.”

After having gone through the facts of the present case,arguments addressed by both the parties, judgment cited before us andorders passed by the revenue authorities, we find that the effectivemanagement can be only in between two contracting state is not correctand as per the facts narrated above, we are of the considered view thatthe effective management of the assessee is neither in Mauritius nor inIndia and we are in agreement with the views of Mr. Klaus Vogel, whois an eminent authority of International Taxation, that if the effectivemanagement of an enterprise is not in one of the contracting state, but issituated in the third state, the benefit of article-8, cannot be extended.

No new facts or contrary judgments have been brought on recordbefore us by the Ld. AR in order to controvert or rebut the findingsrecorded by the Ld.CIT (A). Moreover, there are no reasons for us todeviate from the findings so recorded by the Ld. CIT (A). Therefore, weare of the considered view that the findings recoded by the Ld. CIT (A)are judicious and are well reasoned. Accordingly, we uphold the same.Resultantly, this ground of cross objection raised by the assesseestands dismissed.”

5.1 Facts being identical, consistent with the view taken by the Tribunal in the above cited case, we decide the above issue against the assessee. Thus the 1st ground of appeal is dismissed.

6. The next issue is whether there exists any Agency PE or fixed place PE in India. Identical issue was considered by the Tribunal in assessee’s own case referred hereinbefore, by following the operative portion of the order of the Co-ordinate Bench in Bay Lines (Mauritius) (supra) which is produced below :

“14. We have heard counsels for both the parties and we have also perused the material placed on record as well as the orders passed by revenue authorities.

Before we decide the merits of the case, it is necessary to evaluate the orders passed by Ld. CIT(A) which is contained in para no. 4 & 5 in its order. The operative portion of the order of Ld. CIT(A) contained in para no. 5 of its order and the same is reproduced below:-

I have considered the submission of the appellant counsel based on the commentaries by different writers and the fact that the agent having income from other four principals indicate that the agent is independent. The AO has only seen the agreement with the appellant and he has not tried to examine whether FCIPL is having income only from the appellant or from any other persons (principals). From the Profit and loss Account and Balance sheet filed before me, it is clear that the agent FCIPL is having commission from 4 different principals. Therefore, it is not an exclusive agent of the appellant and, accordingly, it does not come under the purview of the definition of the dependent agent as defined in Article 5(5) of DTAA between India and Mauritius. Accordingly, appellant is not having any PË in India and therefore, he is not taxable as per Article 7 of the DTAA between India and Mauritius. Accordingly, this ground of appeal is allowed.

ARC Line (Mauritius) After having gone through the facts of the present case, arguments addressed by the parties, judgment cited before us, material placed on record, orders passed by revenue authorities, written submissions of the parties and after going through the DTAA executed between India and Mauritius and as per the terms /Article contained in DTAA, we find the following proposition:- i) Article 5(4) of the DTAA provides that a person of a Contracting State acting for or on behalf of an enterprise of the other Contracting State (other than an agent of an independent status) shall be deemed to be a PE if the conditions laid down therein are satisfied viz. the agent (i) has and habitually exercises an authority to conclude contracts in the name of the enterprise or (ii) habitually maintains a stock of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise from which he regularly fulfils orders on behalf of the enterprise. ii) Article 5(5) of the treaty states that an enterprise shall not be deemed to have a PE merely because it carries on business in the other State through an agent of an independent status acting in the ordinary course of its business. Art. 5(5) further states that when the activities of the agent are devoted exclusively or almost exclusively on behalf of the foreign enterprise, the agent will not be considered to be an agent of an independent status. Thus, one has to see whether “Freight Connection” can be regarded as an agent of an independent status. If so it would not constitute the assessee's permanent establishment. iii) Freight Connection is an agent of independent status and acts for the assessee in the ordinary course of its business. Its activities are not devoted exclusively or almost exclusively on behalf of the assessee in view of the following:

ARC Line (Mauritius) a. Oxford Dictionary defines exclusively to mean 'so as to exclude all except some particular object, subject, etc.; solely.' b. Oxford Dictionary defines solely to mean (i) 'as a single person (or thing); without any other as an associate, partner, sharer, etc.; alone; occas. without aid or assistance' (ii) 'apart from or unaccompanied by others; solitarily (iii) only, merely, exclusively; also (contextually), entirely, altogether. The dictionary meanings were handed over separately in the course of the hearing. c. The dictionary meanings of the term 'exclusively' clearly suggestthat the agent should earn 100% or something near to 100% from this principal so as to be dubbed as a dependant agent which is not the fact in the present case. d. Mumbai ITAT in the case of Shardul Securities Ltd. v. JCIT (115 lTD 345) at Pg 15 has extracted the definition of 'exclusively' and has held that the term 'exclusively or almost exclusively'means 100% or something nearer to 100%. e. In the present case, it is clear that the activities of Freight Connection are not devoted exclusively or almost exclusively onbehalf of the assessee as it also does work on behalf of other principals and earns a substantial part of its income from them as clearly found by the CIT(A) in his appellate orders as mentioned above. f. During the course of the hearing, the learned DR placed reliance on Clause 11 of the Agency Agreement between the Assessee and Freight Connection (Page 21 of the paperbook for ARC Line (Mauritius) Freight Connection cannot act as an agent for any other person apart from the assessee, as the same would be in contravention of the Agency Agreement. Towards the same, it is submitted that Clause 11 only restricts Freight Connection from acting as an agent for any other principal carrying on business 'in competition' with that of the assessee. As stated above, it is an admitted fact that Freight Connection has acted as an agent forother principals as well. Therefore, the argument of the learned DR is without any basis.

We find that on a plain reading of Art. 5(5), it is clear that for determining the independence, one should look at the agent and as to whether the agent has only one principal for whom the agent works exclusively. The fact that the principal has only one agent in India who undertakes all the activities for the principal is not relevant. In this respect, we draw strength from the decision of the Mumbai ITAT in ACIT v. DHL Operations BV Netherlands (supra)which was relied upon by Ld. CIT(A) in AY 2001 —02 in assessee’s own case for departing from the decision of Ld. CIT(A) in AY 1998 – 99 is no longer good law in view of the following:- a) Mumbai ITAT in the case of DDIT(IT) v. B4U International Holdings Ltd. (137 lTD 346) while departing from the ratio laid down in DHL Operations held that one has to look at the activities of the agent and its "devotion" to the non-resident principal and not the other way round i.e. the perspective should be from the angle of the agent and not that of the non-resident principal. Therefore, if an agent exclusively works for one principal he may be said to be dependant agent resulting in Agency PE but where the principal has a sole agent who also undertakes work and undertakes such work extensively for other principals the agent cannot be said to be "dependant" and there can be no question of creation of an Agency PE. While arriving at its ARC Line (Mauritius) Mumbai ITAT in B4U also relied on the decisions of the AAR in Morgan Stanley & Co. (272 ITR 416) (Pg 10 of 134U decision), Fidelity Advisor Series VIII (271 ITR 1) (Pg 11 of B4U decision). Reliance was also placed on the decision of the Delhi HC in Rolls Royce Singapore (P) Ltd. v. ADIT (347 ITR 192) (Pg 12 of B4U decision) where the HC held that an agency PE would not exist if the assessee principal could show that it was not the sole client of the agent and that the activities of the agent were not devoted wholly or almost wholly on behalf of the assessee. b) The Hon’ble Bombay HC in DIT(IT) v. B4U International Holdings Ltd. (374 ITR 453) while dealing with the Revenue's appeal from the aforesaid order of the ITAT on the aspect as to whether the ITAT was correct in holding that B4U cannot be treated as a dependant agent of the assessee, in view of Art. 5(5) of the India Mauritius Treaty, dismissed the revenue's appeal holding that ITAT's order did not give rise to any substantial question of law. c) The Hon’ble Mumbai ITAT in the case of International Global Networks BV v. ADIT (84 taxmann.com 188) has also held the agent to be an independent agent where it acts in its ordinary course of business and the activities of the agent are not wholly or exclusively devoted to the assessee.

We have also considered the judgments relied by Ld. AR and the same are discussed below:- a. The Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of ADIT v. E-Funds IT Solution Inc. (Civil Appeal No. 6082 of 2015) observed that the assessee must have a fixed place of business in India which is at its disposal through which it carries on its business. SC held that there was no specific finding in the assessment or the appellate orders that ARC Line (Mauritius) any fixed place of business was put at the disposal of theassessee. SC held that the assessee did not have a Fixed Place PE in India and observed that the lower authorities had adopted an erroneous approach in holding that the assessee had a PE in India for the reason that the assessee did business with its 100% subsidiary. b. The Hon’ble Mumbai ITAT in the case of Delmas, France v. ADIT(IT) (49 SOT 719) held that where a foreign enterprise carries on business in a country through an agent, the provisions of Article 5(1) - Fixed Place PE do not come into play. Bombay HC in DIT(IT) v. Delmas France (232 Taxman 401) dismissed the revenue's appeal against the order of the ITAT.

Considering the above legal proposition and as well as facts of the present case we find that the Hon’ble Bombay High Court has affirmed the Tribunal's decision in B4U International Holdings which had held that the conclusion in DHL Operations was erroneous. Therefore, we hold that the Freight Connection is an independent agent who acts in its ordinary course of its business and whose activities are not devoted exclusively or almost exclusively on behalf of the assessee. Therefore, it is held that the assessee does not have an Agency PE in India and the CIT(A) was right in so holding for the AY 1998 - 99 and the successor CIT(A) was wrong in taking a contrary view for the subsequent assessment years. Accordingly, we further hold that even if the assessee's case is not covered by Article 8, the business profits would not be chargeable to Indian tax as it does not carry on business in India through a permanent establishment (an agency PE) as per articles 7 and 5 of the DTAA.

No other facts or contrary judgments have been brought on record before us by the Ld. DR in order to controvert or rebut the findings recorded by the Ld.CIT (A). Moreover, there are no reasons for us to deviate from the findings recorded by the Ld. CIT (A). Therefore, we are of the considered view ARC Line (Mauritius) Ld. CIT (A) arejudicious and are well reasoned. Accordingly, we uphold the same.Resultantly, this ground raised by the Revenue stands dismissed.” 6.1 In paragraph 34 of the order, the Co-ordinate Bench has held that the assessee is not having fixed place PE also and in this regard, the Bench has referred to the discussions extracted above.

6.2 The facts in the present case are identical in nature and further the very same agent M/s Freight Connection India Pvt. Ltd. has acted as the agent of the assessee herein also. The Co-ordinate Bench in the case of Bay Lines (Mauritius) (supra) has held that M/s Freight Connection India Pvt. Ltd. is an agent of independent status and hence it cannot be considered as constituting Agency PE of that assessee. The decision so rendered shall also apply to the instant case and accordingly, we hold that M/s Freight Connection India P. Ltd. shall not constitute Agency PE of the assessee.

“11. The co-ordinate bench has placed reliance on the decision rendered by Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of ADIT Vs. E-Funds IT Solution Inc. (Civil Appeal No.6082 of 2015) and also the decision rendered by Mumbai bench of Tribunal in the case of Delmas France Vs. ADIT (49 SOT 719) to hold that where a foreign enterprise carries on business in a country through an agent, the provisions of Article 5(1) relating to Fixed place PE does not come into play. The co-ordinate bench has also noted that the appeal filed by challenging the decision so rendered by the Tribunal in the case of Delmas France has been dismissed by Hon’ble Bombay High Court in its decision ARC Line (Mauritius) 232 Taxman 40). The facts, being identical, following the decision of the coordinate bench rendered in the case of Bay lines (Mauritius)(supra), we hold that the assessee does not have Fixed place PE in India.