SHRIRANG S AGARWAL vs. ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX AND OTHERS

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WP/9009/2016HC BombayHCBM03025942201601 February 2019Author: HON'BLE SHRI JUSTICE T.V. NALAWADE,HON'BLE SHRI JUSTICE SUNIL K. KOTWAL17 pages
AI SummaryDismissed

What did the High Court hold?

The High Court held that the word 'tax' in Section 179(1) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, includes penalty and interest. The Court reasoned that the explanation added to Section 179, which clarifies that 'tax due' includes penalty and interest, is clarificatory in nature and reflects the original intention of the Parliament. The Court found that the legislature intended for directors to be jointly and severally liable for all amounts due from the company, including penalty and interest, when the company's tax liability cannot be recovered. The non-obstante clause in Section 179 further supports this interpretation, overriding provisions of the Companies Act. The Court distinguished the cited cases, stating their facts were different and did not apply to the current situation. Therefore, the Court found no reason to interfere with the order passed by the respondent authority. The petitions were dismissed.

What were the facts?

The petitioners, directors of M/s. Nath Holdings and Investment, a private limited company, challenged an order passed by the Tax Recovery Officer under Section 179(1) of the Income Tax Act, 1961. This order directed them to pay the company's income tax liability, including interest and penalty, amounting to Rs. 336.84 lakhs for assessment years 1995-96, 1996-97, and 2002-2003. The petitioners argued that while they had paid the tax, they were not liable for the penalty and interest. The company was in the business of dealing in shares and securities. The Tax Recovery Officer's order also included warrants of arrest and civil imprisonment for non-payment.

What were the issues?

1. Whether the term 'tax' as used in Section 179(1) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, includes penalty and interest, thereby making directors liable for these amounts when the company's tax cannot be recovered? Assessee's contention: The petitioners argued that the word 'tax' in Section 179 does not encompass penalty and interest. They further contended that the explanation added to Section 179, which includes penalty and interest within the definition of 'tax due', cannot be applied retrospectively to the assessment years in question. They relied on the decision in Dinesh T. Tailor Vs. Tax Recovery Officer and others (2010) 326 ITR 85 (Bom.). Revenue's contention: The Income Tax Department supported the order made against the directors, asserting that the term 'tax' under Section 179 includes penalty and interest, especially in light of the explanation added to the section.

Which sections of the Income-tax Act were involved?

Section 179,Section 2(43),Section 156,Section 271(1)(c),Section 170,Section 177,Section 188-A,Section 189

AI-generated summary — verify with the full judgment below

Cause title — parties, addresses and appearances
1 W.P. No.8922-16, 9009-16,9012-16.odt IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY BENCH AT AURANGABAD WRIT PETITION NO. 8922 OF 2016 Nandkishor Kagliwal, Age : 66 Years, Occ. Business, R/o. Nath House, Nath Road (Paithan Road), Aurangabad. ..PETITIONER VERSUS 1. Assistant Commissioner of  Income Tax, Circle­1, Having his office address at Jeevan Suman, LIC Building, 2nd Floor, Cannought Place, Town Centre, N­5 CIDCO, Jalgaon Road, Aurangabad ­ 431 003. 2. Principal Commissioner of  Income Tax­1, having his  office at Aayakar Bhavan,  Near Holy Cross English School, Aurangabad ­ 431 002. 3. Union of India, through Ministry of Finance, Aayakar Bhavan, 2nd Floor, M.K. Road, Mumbai­ 400 020. ..RESPONDENTS ... WITH WRIT PETITION NO. 9009 OF 2016 Shrirang S. Agarwal, Age : 70 Years, Occ. Business, R/o. Nath Road ( Paithan road) Aurangabad­ 431 005 ..PETITIONER VERSUS 1. Assistant Commissioner of  Income Tax, Circle­1, Having his office address at Jeevan Suman, LIC Building, 2nd Floor, Cannought Place, Town Centre, N­5 CIDCO, Jalgaon Road, Aurangabad.­ 431 003 2 W.P. No.8922-16, 9009-16,9012-16.odt 2. Principal Commissioner of  Income Tax­1, having his  office at Aayakar Bhavan,  Near Holy Cross English School, Aurangabad ­ 431 002.. 3. Union of India, through Ministry of Finance, Aayakar Bhavan, 2nd Floor, M.K. Road, Mumbai­ 400 020. ..RESPONDENTS … WITH WRIT PETITION NO. 9012 OF 2016 Mohammad Zamir Khan, Age : 62 Years, Occ. Business, R/o. Nath House, Nath Road, (Paithan road), Aurangabad ­ 431 005. .. PETITIONER  VERSUS 1. Assistant Commissioner of  Income Tax, Circle­1, Having his office address at Jeevan Suman, LIC Building, 2nd Floor, Cannought Place, Town Centre, N­5 CIDCO, Jalgaon Road, Aurangabad ­ 431 003. 2. Principal Commissioner of  Income Tax­1, having his  office at Aayakar Bhavan,  Near Holy Cross English School, Aurangabad ­ 431 002. 3. Union of India, through Ministry of Finance, Aayakar Bhavan, 2nd Floor, M.K. Road, Mumbai­ 400 020. ..RESPONDENTS … Advocate for Petitioners : Mr. S.G. Dodya Advocate for respondent Nos. 1 and 2 : Mr.A.M.Sharma A.S.G. For respondent No.3 :­ ... CORAM  : T.V. NALAWADE AND      SUNIL K. KOTWAL,JJ. ORDER RESERVED ON       : 09­01­2019 3 W.P. No.8922-16, 9009-16,9012-16.odt ORDER PRONOUNCED ON : 01­02­2019  COMMON ORDER  :­ 1. All the Writ Petitions are filed to challenge the order passed by the  Tax Recovery Officer under Section 179(1) of The Income Tax Act, 1961.  By this order, the Income Tax Department has directed the petitioners,  from the three Writ Petitions who were directors of Private Limited  Company, to pay not only the Income Tax  which  was liability of the  Company, but also to pay interest and penalty. M/s.  Nath Holdings and  Investment is a Private  Company and order is made for issuing warrant  of arrest and for keeping the petitioners in the Civil Prison for non  payment of tax, penalty and interest.  The submissions are made that  Tax is already paid by the petitioners, but the penalty and the interest  are not paid and only to that extent, the petitioners are challenging the

order.

2.

The aforesaid Company was in the business of dealing in shares and   securities   and   it   was   assessed   to   income   tax   since   inception. Assistant   Commissioner   passed   order   under   Section   179(1)   of   the Income­Tax Act,1961, on 16.08.2010 for recovery of income tax, interest and penalty and the total amount was Rs. 336.84 lakh.  The amount was assessed for the years 1995­96, 1996­97 and 2002­2003 and this order was against both the Company and the Directors.  In the petitions, it is contention of the directors that word ''tax'' used in Section 179 of the Income­Tax Act, 1961, does not include penalty and interest and so

4 W.P. No.8922-16, 9009-16,9012-16.odt these   amounts  cannot   be   recovered   from   them.     Argument   was advanced only on that  point.    Learned counsel for the Income Tax Department supported the order made against the directors.

3.

The respondent­authority has given finding that the word 'tax' used in Section 179 of the Income­Tax Act, 1961 includes both­  the penalty   and  the  interest.     It   is   further   held   that   in   view   of   the explanation added to Section 179  the tax includes penalty and interest.

4.

The provision of Section 179 of the Income­Tax Act, 1961, along with explanation runs as under :­ ''179. (1)  Liability of directors of private company in liquidation.

Notwithstanding   anything   contained   in   the Companies Act,1956 [1 of 1956] [where any tax due from a private company in respect of any income of any previous year or from any other company in respect of any  income of any previous year during which such other company was a   private   company]   cannot   be   recovered,   then,   every person who was a director of the private company at any time during the relevant previous year shall be jointly and severally   liable   for   the   payment   of   such   tax   unless   he proves that the non­recovery cannot be attributed to any gross neglect, misfeasance or breach of duty on his part in relation to the affairs of the company. [2]  Where a private company is converted into a public company and the tax assessed in respect of any income of any   previous   year   during   which   such   company   was   a

5 W.P. No.8922-16, 9009-16,9012-16.odt private   company   cannot   be   recovered,   then,   nothing contained in sub­section(1) shall apply to any person who was a director of such private company in relation to any tax due in respect of any income of such private company assessable for any assessment year commencing before the 1st  day of April, 1962. [  Explanation­   For   the   purpose   of   this   section,   the expression''tax due'' includes penalty, interest or any other sum payable under the Act.] ''

5.

The explanation to Section 179 of the Income­tax Act, 1961, was time and non­recovery of  ''Taxes Due'' from the Private Company was not result of his neglect, misfeasance or breach of duty on his part and so the amount cannot be recovered from him.  The Division Bench has observed  that   this   submission   was   not   considered   by   the   Assessing Officer/Tax Recovery Officer and the matter was remanded back.  The director had resigned on 14.10.1989 and the demand of tax was raised on   the   company   for   the   assessment   years,   1990­91   to   1995­96. 6 W.P. No.8922-16, 9009-16,9012-16.odt Basically, the order of remand was made to give an opportunity to the said director to substantiate his aforesaid contention.   However, the Division Bench of this Court quoted some provisions like Sections 2(43), 170, 177, 179, 188­A, 189, 220, 221(1) etc and also placed reliance on the observations made by the Apex Court, which are as under : ''

33.

Tax, penalty and interest are different concepts under the Act. The definition of 'tax' under section 2(43) does not include penalty or interest.  Similarly, under section 156, it is provided that when any tax, interest, penalty, fine or any other sum is payable in consequence of any order passed under this Act, the Assessing Officer shall serve upon the assessee a notice of demand as prescribed.  The provisions for imposition   of   penalty   and   interest   are   distinct   from   the provisions for imposition of tax.  The learned Special Court Judge, after examining various authorities in paragraphs 51 to   70   of   his   judgment,   has   come   to   the   conclusion   that neither penalty nor interest can be considered as tax under section   11(2)   (a).   We   agree   with   the   reasoning   and

conclusion drawn by the Special Court in this connection''

7.

The Division Bench considered the interpretation made by other Division Bench of this Court in the past and the case was reported as

7 W.P. No.8922-16, 9009-16,9012-16.odt the  ''Tax' for the purpose of Section 179 would include penalty.  In the Dinesh Tailor cited (supra), the Division Bench held that in  view of the ratio of  Harshad Mehta’s  case cited (supra), the decision given by the other Division Bench in the  case of  Manik  cited (supra)  cannot be accepted as correct position of law.   The case of  Dinesh Tailor  was decided on 27.04.2010. The explanation to section 179 of the Income Tax Act came into  effect on 01.06.2013. 8. The   learned   counsel   for   the   respondent­department   placed reliance on the observations made in the case reported at (2008)9 SCC 662   (Commissioner   of   Income   Tax­I,   Ahmedabad   Vs.   Gold   Coin Health Food Private Limited). The counsel representing the department submitted that explanation added to Section 179 of the Income Tax Act w.e.f.   01.06.2013   came   into   the   statute   only   to   remove   the   doubt created and only to make clear that the word ''Tax'' used in Section 179 Delhi­I (2007) 207 CTR, 733 Supreme Court. The larger  Bench has held that the amendment, which is clarificatory in nature, is applicable

8 W.P. No.8922-16, 9009-16,9012-16.odt retrospectively.     The   relevant   observations   in  Gold   Coin  case   cited (supra) at para Nos. 13 to 17  are as under :­ ''

13.

In Commissioner of Wealth Tax, Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir follows :

15.

The proviso to Sib­clause (vi) has been reproduced above.  It has the effect of cutting down the exemption contained   in   the   sub­clause   to   some   extent.   It commences with the words ''Provided  that in the case of   a   policy   of   insurance   the   premium   or   other payment whereon is payable during a period of less than 10 years  and the argument is that the italicized words   suggest   that   the   expression''   any   policy   of insurance'' in the  main sub­clause must mean

a policy   based   on   human   life   and   that   too   where periodical  premia are payable and as such annuity on life which consists of lump sum investment followed by deferred  annual or monthly payments is excluded. It is impossible to read the italicized words in the proviso in this manner which has the effect of unduly narrowing   down   the   expression   ''   any   policy   of insurance''  used  in   the   main sub­clause,  which  as indicated earlier, is of very wide import covering all types of insurance policies like life, marine, fire etc.  In the first place the main provisions [Sub­ clause (vi)] was enacted in 1957 and continued to operate for 17/18   years   till   March   31,   1975,  without   any qualification and as such it will be absurd to attribute to the Legislature, because of the insertion of the

9 W.P. No.8922-16, 9009-16,9012-16.odt proviso (containing the italicized words) in 1975, an intention of having used the wide expression 'any policy of insurance' throughout all this period in a narrow   sense   as   suggested.     Secondly,   if   the   main provision and the  proviso are  read   together   the italicised   words   do   not   suggest   that   any   narrow construction, much less as urged, was intended and to say so would be missing the real object or purpose of the proviso. In our view the proper way to read the proviso would be to treat the  main   provision   as creating or granting an exemption and the proviso carving out something from the exemption.  The main provision   creates   an   exemption   in   respect   of   the assessee's ''right or interest in any policy of insurance'' and the proviso seeks to cut down that exemption to a limited extent, namely whenever there is a policy of insurance   in  respect   whereof  periodical   premia  are payable for a duration of less than 10 years, then in such   a   case   a   proportionate   exemption   specified therein will be available to the assessee irrespective of what type of policy it is   the proviso has no other effect.     That   such   was   the   object   or   purpose   of inserting the proviso will be clear if regard is had to relevant part of Notes on Clauses   accompanying the Bill and the relevant portion of the speech of the Finance Minister while introducing the Bill.  We were taken through   the   relevant   portions   of   Notes   and Clauses [vide [1974] 93 ITR (St.)125] and the speech of the Hon'ble  Finance Minister while introducing the Bill [vide (1974)93 (St)74] and in our view far from supporting the contention of counsel for the Revenue

10 W.P. No.8922-16, 9009-16,9012-16.odt these lend support to the view which we have just expressed.  The relevant portion of '' Notes on Clauses' states that,' under this amendment (the insertion of porviso) the value of the taxpayer's right or interest in a policy of insurance will be exempt from tax only if the premia are payable over a period of ten years or more.  In case where premia are payable over a period of less than ten years, only a proportionate amount of the  value  of the  taxpayer's right or interest in the policy of insurance   will   be   exempt   from   wealth tax''. The Finance Minister's speech, though strictly not relevant   as   an   aid   to   construction,   substantially reiterates   what   has   been  stated   in   the   ''   Notes   on Clauses''   accompanying   the   Bill.     On   this   account, therefore, there is no warrant   to   put   a   narrow construction   on   the   expression''     any   policy   of insurance''   occurring   in   Sub­clause   (vi)   of   Section 5(1)''.

14.

As noted by this Court in Commissioner of Income Tax, Bombay etc. Vs. M/s Podar Cement Pvt. Ltd, [(1997)]5 SCC 482  the   circumstances under which the amendment was brought   in   existence   and   the   consequences   of   the amendment will have to be taken care of while deciding the issue   as   to   whether   the   amendment   was   clarificatory   or substantive in nature and, whether it will have retrospective effect or it was not so.

15.

In   Principles   of   Statutory   Interpretation,   11th   Edn. 2008, Justice G.P. Singh has stated the position regarding retrospective operation of Statues as follows:

11 W.P. No.8922-16, 9009-16,9012-16.odt The presumption against retrospective operation is not applicable to declaratory statues.  As stated in Craies and approved by the Supreme Court: For modern purpose a declaratory   Act may  be  defined as an  Act to  remove doubts existing as to the common law, or the meaning or effect of any statute.   Such Acts are usually held to be retrospective.  The usual reason for passing a declaratory Act is to set aside what  Parliament deems to have been a judicial error, whether in the statement of the common law or in the interpretation of statutes. Usually, if not invariably, such an   Act contains a   preamble, and also the word declared' as well as the word' enacted'.  But the use of the words' it is declared' is not conclusive that the Act is declaratory for these words may, at times, be used to introduce new rules of law and the Act in the latter case   will   only   be   amending   the   law   and   will   not necessarily be retrospective.   In determining, therefore, the   nature   of   the   Act,   regard   must   be   had   to   the substance rather than to the form.  If a new Act is ' to explain' an earlier Act, it would be without object unless construed retrospective. An explanatory Act is generally passed to supply an obvious omission or   to clear up doubts as to the meaning of the previous Act.  It is well settled that if a statute is curative or merely declaratory of the previous law retrospective operation is generally intended.  The language shall be deemed always to have meant' or shall be deemed never to have included'' is declaratory  and is in plain terms retrospective.   In the absence of clear words indicating that the amending Act is declaratory, it would not be so construed when the amended   provision   was   clear   and   unambiguous.     An

12 W.P. No.8922-16, 9009-16,9012-16.odt [2004] 8 SCC 1,

it was  observed as follows:

13.

It is a cardinal principle of construction that every statute is prima facie prospective unless it is expressly or by necessary   implication   made   to   have   a   retrospective operation.  But the rule in general is applicable where the object of the statute is to affect  vested rights or to impose new burdens or to impair existing obligations.  Unless there are words in the statute sufficient to  show the intention of the Legislature to affect existing rights, it is deemed to be prospective only­ '' nova Constitutio futuris  formam imponere debet non praeteritis­a new law ought to regulate what is to follow, not the past. (See Principles of  Statutory Interpretation by Justice G.P. Singh, 9th  Edition,   2004 at Page 438).  It is not necessary that an express provision be made to make a statute retrospective and the  presumption against  retrospectivity  may   be   rebutted   by   necessary implication especially in a case where the new law is made to cure an acknowledged evil  for   the   benefit   of   the community as a whole.

14.

The presumption against retrospective operations  is not   applicable   to   declaratory   statutes.     In   determining,

13 W.P. No.8922-16, 9009-16,9012-16.odt therefore, the nature of the Act, regard must be had to the substance rather  than to the form.   If a new Act is'' to explain'' an earlier Act, it would be without object unless construed retrospectively.  An  explanatory Act is generally passed  to supply an obvious omission or to clear up doubts as to the meaning of the previous Act.  It is well­settled   that if a statute is curative or merely declaratory of the previous law   retrospective   operation   is   generally   intended.     An amending Act may be purely declaratory to clear a meaning of a provision of  the    principal   Act   which  was   already implicit.   A clarificatory   amendment   of   this   nature   will have retrospective effect.

15.

Though retrospectivity is not to be presumed and rather there  is  presumption  against   retrospectivity,   according   to Craies (Statute Law, 7th Edn.), it is open for the Legislature to enact laws having retrospective operation.   This can be achieved by express enactment  or by necessary implication form   the   language     employed.     If   it   is   a   necessary implication     from   the   language   employed   that   the legislature   intended   a   particular   section   to   have   a retrospective   operation,   the   courts   will   give   it   such   an operation.   In   the   absence   of   a   retrospective   operation having been expressly given,   the   Courts   may   be   called upon to construe the provisions and answer the question whether   the  Legislature   had   sufficiently     expressed   that intention giving the statute retrospectivity.   Four  factors are suggested as relevant (I) general scope and purview of the statute (ii) the remedy sought to be applied (iii) the former state   of   the   law   and   (   iv)   what   it   was   the  Legislature contemplated.     The   rule   against   retrospectivity  does  not

14 W.P. No.8922-16, 9009-16,9012-16.odt extend to protect from the effect of a repeal, a privilege which did not amount to accrued right.

17.

The   above   being   the   position,   the   inevitable

conclusion is that  Explanation   4   to   Section   271(1)(c)   is clarificatory and not substantive.  The view expressed to the contrary in Virtual's case [2007]9   SCC   665   is   not correct. ''

9.

In the matter of  Gold Coin  cited (supra), the explanation was taken   as   the   addition   only   to   clarify   the   initial   intention   of   the Parliament.  It is observed that the explanation was added as some of the High Courts had taken the contrary view.  In the present matter also, in   view   of   the   aforesaid   circumstances,   it   can   be   said   that   the explanation is added to make clear the intention of the Parliament.  This Court holds that the ratio of the Gold Coin

case

cited(supra) needs to be applied to the present matters.

10.

The learned counsel for the petitioners placed reliance on some other reported cases like ­ (i) (2005) 279 ITR 310 (SC) [SEDCO FOREX INTERNATIONAL DRILL INC AND OTHERS VS. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME­TAX AND ANOTHER] (II) (2014) 367 ITR 466 (SC) Commissioner of Income­Tax Vs. Vatika Township Privated Limited. (iii) (2018) 401 ITR 445 (SC) Commissioner of Income­Tax Vs. Essar Teleholdings Ltd. (iv) (2014)42 taxmann.com 284 (Allahabad)

15 W.P. No.8922-16, 9009-16,9012-16.odt Smt. Pratibha Garg Vs. Commissioner of Income­tax, Muzaffar Nagar

11.

The facts of all the aforesaid cases  are  different. Whether only additional liability was created by the amendment in such circumstances needs to be ascertained by the Court.

12.

In view of the aforesaid position of law, if we have to go with the presumption   that  the  Parliament  had  intended   to   provide   that   the liability of the Company and the directors would be joint and several  to pay   the   tax   and  the  Parliament   also   intended   that   the   word   'Tax’ includes penalty and interest and as the burden of proof is shown  on the directors to prove that they were not negligent etc., then it follows that the directors can be held responsible to pay penalty and interest when the company was liable to pay the penalty and interest. The non­ obstante clause with which Section 179 starts shows that the provisions of Company Act 1956 will not come in the way of fastening the liability created by Section 179 on the directors and it also shows that right from the beginning, there was such intention of the Parliament.

13.

The   Court   is   expected   to   keep   in   mind   some   principles   of interpretation when such point comes for interpretation. The language of each provision  may be restricted to its own object.  Many a times when there are two provisions, both the provisions can be allowed to

16 W.P. No.8922-16, 9009-16,9012-16.odt run in parallel lines though there may be conflict on the surface.  The Court needs to interpret the statute in such a way that the provision is not rendered meaningless. If the Court gives only limited meaning to a provision  it may result in non­compliance of the provisions in  entirety and to that extent,  the intention of the Legislature gets defeated.   In the   present   matter,   in   view   of   the   explanation   given   and   also   the intention, which can be gathered from Section 179 itself, it can be said that the word ''Tax'' used in Section 179 was to be used also for penalty and interest. If the word ‘’ Tax’’ is not read in that way, there will be loss Thus, the word used in ''enactment'' is important, but the context is no less important and the definition clause does not necessarily apply in the same   context   in   all   the   provisions   of   the   statute   and   it   can   be ascertained as to whether in particular provision, meaning to that word is in excess than   given   in the definition. In the present matter also, unless such interpretation is made, the provision of Section 179 of the Act will not become meaningful in entirety.  Further, there is one more circumstance like, the same procedure is provided for recovery of tax,

17 W.P. No.8922-16, 9009-16,9012-16.odt penalty and interest and it is up to the directors to show that they were not negligent and there are the grounds of defense for them as provided in Section 179. 14. The aforesaid interpretation also allows to hold and interpret that the provisions of Sections 170, 177, 188­A and 189 are only enabling provisions.  They cover specific situations mentioned in those Sections and the  Parliament had no other intention for making such specific provisions.  Those provisions cannot be read to ascertain the scheme of the Act.

15.

For the aforesaid reasons, this Court holds that no interference is warranted in the order made by the respondent­ authority against the petitioners.  In the result, all the three petitions stand dismissed. [SUNIL K. KOTWAL]                                      [T.V. NALAWADE] JUDGE JUDGE YSK/

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