VANITA VISHRAM TRUST vs. CHIEF COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX, MUMBAI AND ANR.

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WP/367/2010HC Bombay06 May 2010Author: HON'BLE SHRI JUSTICE DR. D.Y. CHANDRACHUD, HON'BLE SHRI JUSTICE J.P. DEVADHAR23 pages
AI SummaryAllowed

What did the High Court hold?

The Bombay High Court allowed the writ petitions, setting aside the CCIT's order. The Court held that the Petitioner Trust was entitled to succeed. Regarding the first issue, while acknowledging that the trust's objects clause was broad, the Court found that the trust was exclusively engaged in educational activities. The Court distinguished the facts from the Uttarakhand High Court's decision in Commissioner of Income Tax vs. Queens’ Educational Society, noting that in that case, the assessee was construed to exist for enhancing income and earning profits, not just for providing education. The Court also expressed reservations about the legal principle applied in the Queens’ Educational Society judgment, stating that an institution must exist solely for educational purposes and that pursuing other objects would violate sub-clause (vi). Regarding the second issue, the Court implicitly accepted the Petitioner's argument that a surplus arising incidentally from a lawfully carried-on educational activity does not mean the institution exists for profit, provided the overall object is not to make a profit. The Court directed the CCIT to grant approval to the Petitioner for the specified assessment years.

What were the facts?

The petitioner, Vanita Vishram Trust, a public charitable trust established in 1929, applied for approval under Section 10(23C)(vi) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, for assessment years 2005-06 to 2010-11. The Chief Commissioner of Income Tax (CCIT) rejected the applications, citing two reasons: (1) the trust's objects included activities beyond education, such as constructing Ashrams, and (2) the trust generated a surplus exceeding twelve percent, which was invested in assets and bank balances, indicating it was not solely for educational purposes and not for profit. The trust argued that despite the broad objects, it exclusively conducted educational activities and that any surplus was utilized for these purposes. The CCIT's rejection was upheld by the dismissal of rectification applications.

What were the issues?

1. Whether the Petitioner Trust, whose Memorandum of Association includes objects beyond education such as the construction of Ashrams, can be considered to exist solely for educational purposes to qualify for approval under Section 10(23C)(vi) of the Income Tax Act, 1961? 2. Whether the Petitioner Trust, by generating a surplus from its activities and investing it in assets and bank balances, can be considered to exist for the purpose of profit, thereby disqualifying it from approval under Section 10(23C)(vi)? Assessee's Contentions: - The Petitioner argued that although its Memorandum of Association had varied objects, it exclusively carried out educational activities. It contended that the surplus generated was incidental to its educational activities and was reinvested solely for furthering education. Revenue's Contentions: - The Revenue contended that the inclusion of non-educational objects in the trust deed meant it did not exist solely for education. It also argued that the surplus generated and invested indicated a profit-making motive, disqualifying the trust from the exemption.

Which sections of the Income-tax Act were involved?

Section 10(23C)(vi),Section 10(22),Section 11,Section 143(3),Section 154

AI-generated summary — verify with the full judgment below

Cause title — parties, addresses and appearances
1 IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY O. O.C. J. WRIT  PETITION NO.366   OF 2010 WITH WRIT PETITION NO.367 OF 2010  Vanita Vishram Trust. ...Petitioner. Versus Chief Commissioner of Income Tax & Anr. ...Respondents. ....... Mr. Percy J.Pardiwala, Sr.Advocate with Ms.Aasifa Khan and  Mr.Satish R.Mody for the Petitioner. Mr. Yogesh Pathaki i/b. Mr.Suresh Kumar for the  Respondents. ...... CORAM : DR. D.Y. CHANDRACHUD &  J.P. DEVADHAR, JJ.  May 6,  2010.

ORAL JUDGMENT (PER DR.D.Y.CHANDRACHUD, J): The   Petitions   arise   out   of   an   order   passed   by   the   First Respondent,   the   Chief   Commissioner   of   Income   Tax,   Mumbai, declining to grant approval to the Petitioner under Section  10(23­C) (vi) of the Income Tax Act, 1961. 2. The Petitioner is a public charitable trust, registered under CNR No : HCBM020037932010 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 the   Bombay   Public   Trusts   Act,   1950. The   Petitioner   has   been conducting   primary   and   secondary   schools   and   colleges   in   Arts, Science and  Commerce and for Technical Courses in Mumbai since 1929 and in Surat since 1940. Over 2500 students are stated to be pursuing their education at these institutions. The Petitioner conducts a hostel at Surat for outstation students who are admitted to the educational institutions conducted by the Petitioner where students and   the   supporting   staff   reside.     The   main   object   for   which   the Petitioner   has   been   constituted   is   stated   to   be   the   education   of women.  Clause III(b) of the Memorandum of Association inter alia provides as follows : “(b) To ameliorate the condition of Gujarati Hindu women of the Bombay Presidency and other places and to alleviate their social status by arousing their interest and educating them   in   subjects   tending   to   their   material,   proper   and suitable fields of work, usefulness and influence in Hindu society   and   for   the   purposes   aforesaid   to   establish   and conduct in the Bombay Presidency or elsewhere: (1)“Ashrams” or Homes for Gujarati Hindu women and girls, particularly widows and orphan girls either as free or as paying inmates. (2)Schools for imparting religious, secular and Industrial education and training in fine arts as far as possible Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 through the instrumentality of women, the inmates of the Ashrams and other women and girls. (3)Libraries including circulating libraries and reading rooms with a view to bring wholesome and instructive literature within reach of the inmates of the Ashrams and other Gujarati Hindu women and girls. (4)To provide gymnasiums, play­grounds, and places of recreation, and physical culture, and to furnish and maintain the same and to permit the same to be used by   the   inmates   of   the   Vanita   Vishram   and   the institutions thereof or allied thereto and their friends, either gratuitously or upon such terms and conditions as may be agreed upon, and generally to do whatever may seem best calculated to conduce to the physical health and general well being of such inmates and their friends. (5)To   publish   books,   periodicals   and   pamphlets   and deliver   lectures   and   do   such   other   things   as   may appear desirable. (6)To   give   pecuniary   or   other   help   to   poor   Gujarati Hindu women and girls (studying in the Institution).”

3.

The   other   sub­clauses   of   clause   (b)   confer   an   ancillary power to acquire immovable property, to receive gift and donations and to invest the proceeds.  Clause IV of the Memorandum states that the income and property of the Association shall be applied solely Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 towards the promotion of the objects of the Association and that no portion thereof shall be paid directly or indirectly by way of dividend, bonus or otherwise to the members of the Association.    Under clause VIII,   upon   the   winding   up   or   dissolution   of   the   Association,   the surplus, if any, is not to be paid to or distributed among the members of the Association, but is to be transferred to another institution or to other institutions having similar objects.

4.

Until Assessment Year 2004­05, the Petitioner was allowed an exemption under Sections  10(22) and 10(23­C)(vi) in addition to Section 11. The Petitioner submitted an application for approval for Assessment   Years   2005­06   to   2007­08   on   10   October   2005   and 2008­09 to 2010­11 on 23 March 2008. Amongst the documents that were submitted with the applications were copies of the most recent orders passed under Section  10(23­C) for Assessment Years 2002­03 and   2004­05,   the   assessment   order   under   Section     143(3)     for Assessment Year 2000­01 and copies of the balance sheets and of the income and expenditure account together with schedules for the years Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 ending 31 March 2002, 31 March 2003 and 31 March 2004. The First Respondent   issued a notice to show cause on 6 March 2009 calling for details.  The First Respondent stated in the notice that on a perusal of the objects enlisted in the Trust Deed, it was found that the Trust existed for  objects of a varied in nature and did not fulfill the condition that it should exist solely for the purpose of education.  The Petitioner was called upon to  furnish details of the amounts spent on any activity other than education.   The First Respondent also stated that the Trust was seen to have earned a surplus over twelve percent from its activities which was invested in making additions to its assets and   increasing its bank balances.   The Petitioner was, therefore, called upon to submit as to how the Trust could be regarded as existing solely for educational purposes and not for profit.

5.

In   its   response   dated   17   March   2009,   the   Petitioner submitted   that   the   only   object   contained   in   the   Memorandum   of Association was education for women.  The Petitioner submitted that even if the amplitude of the object clause permitted varied activities, Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 yet since the Trust was carrying on only an educational activity, it could   not   be   denied   approval   under   Section     10(23­C)(vi).     The Petitioner submitted that it was running a school at Mumbai and a school and college  at Surat apart  from  which  no other activities, except for education, were being carried on by the Trust.  In so far as the surplus was concerned, the Petitioner submitted that additions were made to the assets including Bank balances and these were used and utilized only for carrying on educational activities.   From the copies of the annual accounts filed with the First Respondent, it was submitted that the expenditure incurred was only for the purpose of education, that is for running primary and secondary schools and colleges   which   conducted   Arts,   Science,   Commerce   and  Technical Courses.     Details   of   the   investments   made   from   Assessment   Year 2005­06 to 31 March 2008 were forwarded.

6.

The First Respondent rejected the applications submitted by the Petitioner by an order dated 28 March 2009. While rejecting the application, the First Respondent held that the objects of the Trust Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 permitted the construction of Ashrams for Gujarati Hindu women and hence, the Trust existed for objects other than education.  The second ground on which the applications were rejected was that the Trust had a surplus in excess of twelve percent from its activities and that the balance sheet   for three years  showed that the   surplus  was invested   in   making   additions   to   the   assets   and   increasing   Bank deposits.  On these grounds, the First Respondent concluded that even if   the   Trust   exists   for   educational   purpose,   it   would   generate profits/surplus which was utilized for purchasing  assets as stated in Schedule 8 to the balance sheet.   The Petitioner thereupon moved applications under Section   154. By an order dated 30 November 2009,   the   applications   for   rectification   have   been   dismissed.   The applications for approval have   been rejected for Assessment Years 2005­06 to 2007­08 and Assessment Years 2008­09  to 2010­11. 7. Counsel appearing on behalf of the Petitioner submitted that both the grounds on which the First Respondent has dismissed the  applications  for  approval  are   misconceived.       The  submission Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 before the Court is that (i) The Petitioner does not carry on any other activity, save and except for conducting schools and colleges at Surat and Mumbai right from the inception of the Trust in 1928;  (ii) The Petitioner   must   be   regarded   as   existing   solely   for   educational purposes and the existence of other objects in the object clause of the Memorandum of Association would be irrelevant in a case such as the present where over its existence for nearly eighty years, the Petitioner has carried on no other activity except for the conduct of educational institutions; (iii) It has not been disputed that the hostel which is conducted   by   the   Petitioner   at   Surat   is   only   for   accommodating outstation students of the institution conducted by the Petitioner and for the supporting staff; (iv) The existence incidentally of a surplus which   is   generated   from   the   activity   of   conducting   schools   and colleges would not   detract from the character of the Petitioner as existing solely for educational purposes and not for profit; (v) The entire surplus is utilized only for the purpose of education and there is a specific provision in the Memorandum under which no part of the profits can be distributed; (vi) The provisions made in Section 10(23­ Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 C) would indicate that the existence of a surplus does not disentitle an institution to the grant of   approval; (vii) The purpose of the surplus is to build up a corpus for the capital enhancement of the educational   institutions   conducted   by   the   Trust.     This   is   not   a commercial purpose, but a purpose which is directly proximate to the main object of conducting  educational institutions.

8.

On the other hand, Counsel appearing on behalf of the Respondents   submitted   that   the   threshold   requirement   of   Section 10(23­C)(iv) is the existence of an educational institution or, as the case may be, a University and its existence solely for educational purposes   and   not   for   profit.     Counsel   submitted   that   the   object underlying the establishment of the Petitioner, as evidenced by the Memorandum   of   Association,   is   to   ameliorate   the   condition   of Gujarati speaking women belonging to the Hindu community and this object is sought to be achieved by means of imparting education and training.     In   these   circumstances,   it   was   urged   that   the   object underlying   the   establishment   of   the   Petitioner   is   not   solely   in Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 furtherance of an educational purpose, but the amelioration   of the condition of women. ­9. Section   10(23­C)   defines   certain   categories   of   income which shall not be included in computing the total income of any person for a previous year.  Clause (vi) deals with income received by any person on behalf of any University or other educational institution existing solely for educational purposes and not for  purposes of profit (other   than   those   mentioned   in   sub­clause   (iiiab)   or   (iiiad))   and which   may   be   approved   by   the   prescribed   authority.     Sub­clause (iiiab) speaks of a University or other educational institution existing solely for educational purposes and not for purposes of profit and which are wholly or substantially financed by the Government.  Sub­ clause (iiiad) speaks of a University or educational institution existing solely for educational purposes and not for profit if the aggregate annual receipts do not exceed an amount   prescribed.   Where the aggregate receipts exceed the amount prescribed, then the approval of the prescribed authority is mandated in order to enable the institution Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 to obtain the benefit of the exemption contained in sub­clause (vi). The provisos which have been enacted by Parliament regulate the manner in which applications are to be made, the grounds of an application and verification of compliance with the provision.  Under the first proviso, an application under sub­clause (vi)  has to be made in the prescribed form to the prescribed authority for the grant or continuance   of   an   exemption.     The   prescribed   authority,   before approving   an   institution,     University   or   educational   institution   is entitled to call for documents including audited annual accounts or information in order to satisfy itself about the genuineness of the activities carried on.  The prescribed authority  is empowered to make such enquiries as it deems necessary.   The third proviso stipulates inter alia that where a University or other educational institution referred to in sub­clause (vi) applies its income or accumulates it for application   wholly   and   exclusively   to   the   objects   for   which   it   is established and in a case where more than fifteen per cent of its income is accumulated on or after 1 April 2002, the period of the accumulation of the amount exceeding fifteen per cent of its income Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 shall   in   no   case   exceed   five   years.     For   the   purpose   of   these proceedings, it would not be necessary to advert every one of the provisos   in   further   detail   save   and   except   to   note   that   where   a University or educational institution referred to in sub­clause (vi) has been   approved   by   the   prescribed   authority   and   subsequently,   the authority is satisfied that the institution/University had not applied its income   in   accordance   with   the   stipulation   contained   in   the   third proviso or that the activities are not genuine or are not carried out in accordance with the conditions subject to which the approval was granted,     the   approval   can   be   withdrawn   after   furnishing   to   the institution/University an opportunity of being heard.

10.

Now, it is not in dispute before the Court that the Petitioner has been conducting primary and secondary schools and colleges for Arts, Science, Commerce and Technical courses in Mumbai since 1929 and in Surat since 1940. Nor is there any  dispute before the Court that save and except for conducting these educational institutions, the Petitioner has not carried on any other activities right since 1929. In Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 this background, it would be necessary to advert to the objects  set out in the Memorandum of Association.   Clause III(b) spells out as the object, amelioration of the condition of Gujarati Hindu women of the then Bombay Presidency and other places and     alleviation of their social   status   by   educating   to   them   in   subjects   tending     to   their material, moral and spiritual advancement, opening   out for them proper and suitable  fields of work, lawfulness and influence in Hindu society.   From this object, it is abundantly clear that the amelioration of the condition of Gujarati speaking Hindu women was sought to be improved, when the Trust was founded in March 1928, by providing for the education of this class of women.   The means by which this object is sought to be achieved is by conducting Ashrams or homes for women and girls, particularly for widows and orphaned girls either as free or as paying inmates   and by conducting schools for imparting religious, secular  and industrial education and training in fine arts.  A number   of   ancillary   objects   have   been   adverted   therein   including provision of libraries and gymnasiums, publication of books and by means of pecuniary and other help to students of the institution.  A Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 holistic reading of the object clause would establish beyond doubt that the sole purpose for the establishment of the Petitioner was to further   the   cause   of   education   amongst   women   belonging   to   a particular   class,   as   stated   therein.     Though   the   objects   clause contained varied objects including the management and development of movable and immovable properties, the statement of fact before the Court which is not disputed is that the only activity which has been carried out by the Trust ever since its inception is the conduct of educational institutions.   The Court, it must be emphasized, is not dealing with an institution which has sought approval for the first time or which has been set up in the proximate past.  The Trust has a history of  over  eighty years   during the course  of  which  the only activity is of conducting educational institutions.

11.

The fact that the Trust exists solely for educational purposes is   evidenced   from   the   assessment   orders   for   Assessment   Years 2000­01 and 2006­07, copies of which form a part of the record before the Court.   Both these orders which have been made under Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Section  143(3)  of the Act, contain a statement to the effect that the assessee is running schools with Gujarati and English as media of instruction at the primary and secondary stage and that the assessee also conducts a college for girls with the sole intent of imparting education.   The record of these proceedings also contains a judgment of a Division Bench of this Court dated 29 June 2005 in a Reference under Section  256(1) to which the Petitioner was the applicant.  The issue before the Court in the Reference was whether the assessee was entitled to exemption under Section   10(22) on interest earned on surplus funds of the school run by the Trust for Assessment Years 1979­80 and 1980­81. The Division  Bench  observed that merely because  a certain surplus arose from the operations of the Trust, it could not be held that the institution was run for the purpose of profit, so long as no person or individual was entitled to any portion of the profit and the profit was utilized for the purpose of promoting the objects of the institution.  The income of the Trust was, therefore, held   to   be   exempt   under   Section     10(22).     The   Division   Bench followed the decision of the Supreme Court in Aditanar Educational Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Institution vs. Additional CIT,1  and noted as a principle of law that if after meeting the expenditure, a surplus results incidentally from an activity   lawfully   carried   on   by   the   educational   institution,   the institution would not cease to be one which is   existing solely for educational   purposes   since   the   object   is   not   to   make   profit.   The Division   Bench   also   observed   that   if   the   Trust   exists   solely   for educational purposes and conducts an educational institution, the fact that it had other objects would not disentitle it to the exemption so long as the activity carried out by it in that assessment year  was that of  running an educational  institution and not for profit.  The Court observed that the assessee had existed only for educational purposes which consisted of running educational institution and not for earning profits.   The observations of the Division Bench which have been made in the context of Section 10(22) would furnish a cogent answer to   both   the   issues   on   which   the   applications   for   approval   were rejected by the First Respondent.  Firstly, though the Memorandum of Association     contains   varied   objects,   so   long   as   the   record demonstrates that the assessee only conducts educational institutions, (1997) 224 ITR 310 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 it must be regarded as existing solely for the purpose of education. No other activity is carried on.  Secondly, the fact that a surplus may incidentally arise from the activities of the Trust, after meeting the expenditure incurred for conducting educational activities would not disentitle the Trust of the benefit of the provisions of Section  10(23­ C).

12.

In so far the aspect of surplus is concerned, one must in addition, advert to the provision which has been made by Parliament in the third proviso to Section 10(23­C).   By the third proviso, it has been   clarified   that   in   the   case   inter   alia   of   Universities   or   other educational institutions which have applied its income or accumulated it for application wholly and exclusively to the objects for which it is established   and   in   a   case   where   fifteen   per   cent   of     income   is accumulated on or after 1 April 2002, the period of the accumulation of the amount exceeding fifteen per cent, shall in no case exceed five years.  This provision would establish that Parliament did not regard the accumulation of income by a University or educational institution Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 governed by sub­clause (vi)   as a disabling factor, so long as the purpose of accumulation is the application of the income wholly  and exclusively   to   the   objects   for   which   the   institution   has   been established.     Parliament has, however, prescribed that where more than fifteen per cent of the income is accumulated after 1 April 2002, the amount exceeding fifteen per cent shall not be accumulated for a period in excess of five years.

13.

For all these reasons, we are of the view that the rejection of the approval by the First Respondent was manifestly misconceived. Only two reasons have weighed with the First Respondent in rejecting the approval, both of which have been found to suffer from  manifest error.   In  Aditanar Educational Institution  (supra), the Supreme Court, while construing the provisions of Section 10(22), held that the availability of exemption should be evaluated each year to find out whether the institution has existed during  the relevant year solely for educational purposes and not for the purposes of profit.  If after meeting   the   expenditure,   a   surplus   results   incidentally   from   an Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 activity   lawfully   carried   on   by   the   educational   institution,   the institution will not cease to be one existing solely for educational purposes  since the object is not  to make profit.  The decisive or acid test, the Supreme Court observed, is whether on an overall  view of the matter, the object is to make a profit.  In evaluating or appraising the issue, the Supreme Court noted that one should bear in mind the distinction between   the corpus, the objects and the powers of the concerned entity.

14.

The First Respondent while rejecting the applications of the Petitioner has adverted to the judgment of the Uttarakhand High Court in   Commissioner of Income Tax vs. Queens’ Educational Society.2   The statement of facts as recited in the judgment of the High Court is to the effect that the assessee had a profit of thirty per cent   in   Assessment   Year   2000­01   and   twenty   seven   per   cent   in Assessment   Year   2001­02. The   assessee   was   conducting   an educational   institution.     The   Tribunal   held   that   the   assessee   was entitled to the benefit of the exemption under Section 10(23­C).  The (2009) 319 ITR 160 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 High Court observed that “the law is well settled that if the profit is proved by an educational society then that will be the income to the Society as the surplus amount remains in the account books of the society after meeting all the expenses incurred towards imparting the education”. A reference was made to the judgment of the Supreme Court in Aditanar (supra).  The judgment of the Supreme Court was, however, distinguished on the ground that the objects clause of the assessee indicated that while there were other  objects to be achieved, the assessee had done nothing except to pursue the main object of providing education and earning profit.   Moreover, with   the profit earned,   the   assessee   had   strengthened   its   capacity   to  earn   more, rather than to undertake any other activities to fulfill the other objects for which the trust was constituted.   Though the Trust had made an investment in fixed assets like furniture and buildings which may be connected  with the imparting of education this, the High Court held, was   with   a   view   to   expanding   the   institution   and   to   earn   more income. Uploaded on - 21/08/2020

15.

If   the   facts   as   they   appear   in   the   judgment   of   the Uttarakhand High Court are considered, the case would be entirely distinguishable.  The judgment of the High Court would indicate that the assessee  in that case was construed to be one which existed with the object of enhancing the income and of earning profits as opposed to the provision of education.  However, it would be necessary for this Court   to   observe   that   some   of   the   observations   contained   in   the judgment of the Uttarakhand High Court may not be in conformity with the law laid down by the Supreme Court in  Aditanar’s  case (supra). The High Court took exception to the conduct of the assessee on the ground that though it was entitled to pursue other “noble and pious” objects, the assessee had done nothing to achieve them and had only pursued the main object of providing education and earning profit.  Now, it must be appreciated that in order to obtain the benefit of the exemption under Section 10(23­C)(vi), the University or, as the case may be, educational institution must exist  solely for educational purposes and not for the purposes of profit.  The requirement that the institution must exist solely for educational purposes would militate Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 against an institution pursuing other objects.  Consequently, the High Court was, in our view and with due respect,  not correct in holding as a principle of law that the benefit of the exemption should be denied on the ground that the assessee has only pursued its main object of providing education and had not pursued the other objects for which the Trust was constituted.   Were the assessee to pursue other  objects,   it  would   clearly   run    afoul   of  sub­clause  (vi).  The Uttarakhand High Court in Queens’ Educational Society (supra).

16.

For all these reasons, we are of the view that the Petitioner CWP 6031 of 2009 decided on 29 January 2010. Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 will   be   entitled   to   succeed   in   these   proceedings.     The   Rule   is

accordingly   made   absolute   by   setting   aside   the   impugned   order passed by the First Respondent on  28 March 2009 and by directing the   First   Respondent   to   grant   approval   to   the   Petitioner   for Assessment   Years   2005­06   to   2007­08   and   for   Assessment   Years 2008­09 to 2010­11. There shall be no order as to costs.

( Dr.D.Y.Chandrachud, J.) ( J.P.Devadhar, J.) Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

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