THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX -1, MUMBAI vs. M/S HINDUSTAN LEVER LTD.

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ITXA/5818/2010HC Bombay01 February 2012Author: HON'BLE SHRI JUSTICE DR. D.Y. CHANDRACHUD, HON'BLE SHRI JUSTICE M.S. SANKLECHA31 pages
AI SummaryPartly Allowed

What did the High Court hold?

The High Court held that the Commissioner's recourse to Section 263 jurisdiction was justified. It found that the Assessing Officer's order was erroneous and prejudicial to the Revenue, as the conditions laid down in Malabar Industrial were fulfilled. Specifically, on the issue of R&D expenditures, interest, and agency commission, the Court found that the Tribunal was not justified in setting aside the Commissioner's order. However, on the issue of allocation of cess on green leaves, the High Court agreed with the Tribunal's view. It relied on Rule 8 of the Income Tax Rules, 1962, and a Calcutta High Court decision in the assessee's own case, holding that cess on green leaves is a business expenditure deductible in computing the composite income under Rule 8. The Court noted that the Commissioner's order lacked reasons regarding agency commission and interest, and the assessee had provided explanations. The appeal was disposed of answering the question of law in the aforementioned terms.

What were the facts?

The Revenue appealed against an order of the ITAT which had allowed the assessee's appeal against the Commissioner's order under Section 263. The assessment year in question is 1998-99. The assessee, Hindustan Lever Ltd., had claimed deductions under Sections 80-I, 80-IA, and 80-HH. The Assessing Officer had restricted these deductions. The Commissioner, invoking Section 263, believed that certain expenditures (R&D, interest, agency commission) were not properly allocated to the eligible units, leading to an under-assessment. The Commissioner also raised the issue of whether cess on green leaves could be claimed entirely against taxable income, citing a Gauhati High Court decision. The ITAT had set aside the Commissioner's order, finding that the Section 263 jurisdiction was not properly invoked and that the cess issue was also in favour of the assessee.

What were the issues?

1. Whether, in law and facts, the Tribunal was correct in setting aside the Commissioner's order under Section 263, holding that the jurisdiction was not properly invoked? (Assessee's contention: The Assessing Officer had made inquiries and the order was not erroneous or prejudicial to the Revenue. Revenue's contention: The Assessing Officer's order was erroneous as it failed to allocate certain expenditures and the Revenue was losing tax, thus satisfying Section 263 conditions. 2. Whether, in law and facts, the Tribunal was correct in holding that the entire cess can be claimed against taxable income? (Assessee's contention: Rule 8 of the Income Tax Rules, 1962, mandates a 40:60 apportionment for tea growers, and cess is a business expenditure. Revenue's contention: Cess on green leaves should be claimed entirely against agricultural income, citing Jorehaut Group Ltd. vs. Agricultural Income-Tax Officer.)

Which sections of the Income-tax Act were involved?

Section 260A,Section 263,Section 80-I,Section 80-IA,Section 80-HH

AI-generated summary — verify with the full judgment below

Cause title — parties, addresses and appearances
VBC 1 itxa5818.10-1.2 IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY O. O. C. J. INCOME TAX APPEAL NO.5818  OF 2010 Commissioner of Income Tax­1, Mumbai.   ..Appellant. Versus M/s.Hindustan Lever Ltd. ..Respondent. ..... Mr.Vimal Gupta for the Appellant. Mr.Percy J.Pardiwala, Senior Advocate with Mr.Nishant Thakkar  and Mr.Rajesh Poojari  i/b. Mulla & Mulla for the Respondent. ...... CORAM : DR.D.Y.CHANDRACHUD AND M.S.SANKLECHA, JJ. February 1, 2012.

ORAL JUDGMENT (PER DR.D.Y.CHANDRACHUD, J.)  : This appeal by the Revenue under Section 260A of the Income Tax Act, 1961, has raised the following two substantial questions of law : “(a) Whether in the facts and circumstances of the case and in law, the Tribunal is right in setting aside the order passed   by   the   Commissioner   of   Income   Tax   under Section   263 of the Act,  holding that the juri iction under Section 263 has not been invoked properly? and (b) Whether in the facts and circumstances of the case and in law, the Tribunal is right in holding that the entire cess can be claimed against taxable income?” CNR No : HCBM020027872008 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

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2.

Both Counsel appearing on behalf of the Revenue and Counsel appearing on behalf of the Assessee are agreed that the first question is broad enough to determine the fate of this appeal. We   accordingly   admit   the   appeal   on   question   (a).     With   the consent of Counsel, the appeal is taken up for hearing and final disposal.

3.

The appeal relates to Assessment Year 1998­99. The assessee filed a return of income of Rs.661.15 crores and claimed a deduction in the amount of Rs.11.41 crores under Section 80­I, Rs. 218.62   crores   under   Section   80­IA   and   Rs.20.20   crores   under Section 80­HH.  The Assessing Officer assessed the income under Section 143(3) at Rs.814.66 crores and restricted the deduction claimed under Sections 80­I, 80­IA and 80­HH to Rs.11.06 crores, Rs.201.08   crores   and   Rs.18.57   crores   respectively.     The Commissioner of Income Tax issued a notice under Section 263 on 21 March 2003 stating that on verification of the records, it was revealed that the following expenditure, though having a bearing on the profits of the units, had not been considered for allocation: Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 3 itxa5818.10-1.2 “i)  R & D Revenue expenditure  ­ Rs.33,95,42,336/­ ii)  R & D Capital expenditure     ­ Rs.12,39,73,377/­ iii) Interest paid ­ Rs.32,16,45,000/­ iv) Agency commission ­ Rs.35,59,51,682/­ (including Miscellaneous expenditure)

4.

The Commissioner stated that as this expenditure has a bearing on the profits of the units, it should have been allocated proportionately.     An   excess   allowance,   the   notice   stated,   has resulted in an under­assessment of Rs.9.87 crores.  In response to the notice, the assessee submitted a reply on 25 March 2003. The Commissioner by his order dated 28 March 2003,   came to the

conclusion that the research expenditure incurred by the assessee is inextricably   linked   with   the  business   of   the   assessee,   including business in those products which are manufactured in the units entitled to a deduction under Sections 80­I, 80­IA and 80­HH.  The expenditure,   noted   the   Commissioner,   had   been   allowed   in computing the income under the head   “profits and gains from business   or   profession”   for   the   whole   of   the   business   of   the assessee,   including   of   those   units   which   are   entitled   to   the Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 4 itxa5818.10-1.2 aforesaid deductions.  The logical corollary  was held to be that in computing the profits derived from an eligible unit for the purpose of the aforesaid deductions, an appropriate part of the expenditure would   have   to   be   allocated   to   the   units.     As   regards   agency commission, the assessee had stated that an amount of Rs.35.59 crores has already been allocated in arriving at the profit derived from   the   eligible   units   that   was   included   under   the   head   of advertisement.  The assessee stated that there was no omission on its part and the amount should not once again be allocated in arriving at the profits of the units in respect of which a deduction was   sought   under   Sections   80­I,   80­IA   and   80­HH.     The Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 5 itxa5818.10-1.2 assessee in its reply dated 27 March 2003 relied upon the provisions of Rule 8 of the Income Tax Rules, 1962  and submitted that in the case of an assessee, who is engaged in growing and manufacturing tea, the composite income calculated in accordance with   the   provisions   of   the   Act,   is   required   to   be   apportioned between the income on the manufacture of  tea and income from agriculture in the ratio of 40 : 60. According to the assessee, cess on green leaves was a part of the expenditure incurred in the business of growing and manufacture of tea.  The Commissioner in his   order   under   Section   263   relied   upon   the   judgment   of   the Gauhati High Court while coming to the conclusion that cess on green leaves was liable to be claimed entirely against agricultural income.

5.

Against the decision of the Commissioner under Section 263,   the   assessee   filed   an   appeal   before   the   ITAT   which   was allowed on 5 July 2007. On the issue of the cess on green leaves, the   Tribunal   noted   that   a   similar   issue   had   come   up   for consideration   before   its   Kolkatta   Bench   in  Bishanuth     Tea Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 6 itxa5818.10-1.2 Sections 80­I   and 80­HH, the income in order to be eligible for deduction, has to be derived from the activities specified in the sections and in a similar manner, any expenditure which is directly related to the activity, would fall for deduction against the income eligible for benefit under the section.  According to the Tribunal, the Commissioner had presumed that some part of the expenditure on research and development as well as interest might have been incurred by the assessee without establishing the requirement of 2 (2002) 77 TTJ 45 (Cal) Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 7 itxa5818.10-1.2 the nexus.  Moreover, the Tribunal held that during the course of the assessment proceedings, a specific query was raised by the Assessing Officer to which the assessee submitted its reply and each and every item in relation to those deductions, was enquired into by the Assessing Officer.   In this view of the matter, and after relying upon the decision of the Mumbai Bench in the case of Wockhardt Ltd.  delivered on 24 February 2006, the Tribunal held that the exercise of the juri iction under Section 263 was not warranted.

6.

In   assailing   the   judgment   of   the   Tribunal,   Counsel appearing on behalf of the Revenue submitted that (i) There is a fundamental error in the approach of the Tribunal when it held that   each   item   of   expenditure   pertaining   to   research   and development was enquired into by the Assessing Officer and to which   the   assessee   had  submitted   a   reply   following   which   the Assessing   Officer   had   accepted   the   claim   with   regard   to   the deductions.   As a matter of fact, the reply which was furnished by the   assessee   during   the   course   of   the   assessment   proceedings would   indicate   that   the   assessee   had   not   furnished   a   detailed Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 8 itxa5818.10-1.2 explanation which would have enabled the Assessing Officer to determine either the existence or absence of nexus.  Moreover, as a matter of fact, and ex­facie, the assessment order would indicate that this aspect was not considered by the Assessing Officer at all. Consequently,   it   was   in   this   view   of   the   matter   that   the Commissioner   in   his   order   under   Section   263   came   to   the

conclusion that the Assessing Officer should have considered, while computing     profits   derived   from   the   industrial   undertakings   to which   the   deductions   under   Sections   80­I,   80­IA   and   80­HH pertained as to whether the expenditure incurred on research and development   had   a   direct   nexus   with   the   business   of   the undertaking.  The Commissioner opined that a failure to do so has resulted in the order being erroneous in so far as it is prejudicial to the interests of the Revenue; (ii) The assessee has allocated the agency commission as between all the eligible units. There was no reason   not   to   allocate   the   expenditure   incurred   on   account   of research  and development between the eligible units though full deduction has been claimed against the profits of the business as a whole; (iii) The Commissioner has acted within his juri iction under Section 263 as expounded in the judgment of the Supreme Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 9 itxa5818.10-1.2 resulted in under­assessment to the extent of Rs.9.87 crores as noted in the show cause notice.   The exercise of the juri iction under Section 263 was clearly warranted since the requirements of the order being erroneous and prejudicial to the interests of the Revenue were fulfilled; (iv) As regards the cess on green leaves, a deduction cannot be claimed against non­agricultural income and the cess must be allocated entirely towards agricultural income.

7.

On   the   other   hand,   it   has   been   urged   by   Counsel appearing on behalf of the Assessee that (i) The view which has been taken by the Tribunal on the issue of agricultural cess is consistent with the provisions of Rule 8 of the Income Tax Rules, 1962. Moreover, as a matter of fact, the view of the Tribunal 3 (2003) 243 ITR 83 (SC) Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 10 itxa5818.10-1.2 no bearing on the matter; (ii) The juri iction under Section 263 is conditioned by  twin requirements that (a) The order of assessment must   be   erroneous;   and  (b)   The   order   of   assessment   must   be prejudicial to the interests of the Revenue. Where the Assessing Officer has taken a possible view, the exercise of juri iction under Section   263   would   not   be   warranted;   (iii)   It   is   a   well   settled principle of law that the expression “derived from” for the purposes of Sections 80­I, 80­IA and 80­HH does not have the same meaning as the expression “attributable to”.  The expression “derived from” postulates a direct nexus with the income or, as the case may be, the expenditure; (iv) The Assessing Officer had, during the course of the assessment proceedings, conducted an enquiry, in the course of which, the assessee had submitted its reply.  Having considered the claim of the assessee, the Assessing Officer had proceeded to 4 I.T.A. 193/2002 decided on 4/2/2011 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 11 itxa5818.10-1.2 accept it and it cannot be postulated that there was no application of mind; (v) The Tribunal has, in the course of its decision, come to the   conclusion   that   the   Commissioner   had   only   presumed   that some part of the research and development expenditure would have a nexus with the units in relation to which a deduction was sought under Sections 80­I, 80­IA and 80­HH without specifically establishing the existence of such a nexus.  The order passed by the Commissioner was, therefore, held to be outside juri iction under Section 263 and it was urged that the decision of the Tribunal is consistent with the legal provisions.  On this ground, it was urged that  the appeal which arises before the Court under Section 260A out of  an appellate  order of the Tribunal on a decision under Section 263  would not warrant  interference of the Court.  Counsel submitted that the Commissioner had not interfered under Section 263 on the ground that the Assessing Officer had failed to carry out an enquiry, but on the ground that on merits, the Assessing Officer was not justified in granting   deductions claimed under Sections 80­I, 80­IA and 80­HH.  The Tribunal, in the circumstances, could not   have   substituted   the   reasons   which   weighed   with   the Commissioner, nor could it have  sustained the order passed by the Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 12 itxa5818.10-1.2 Commissioner on other grounds.     This, it is submitted, must be applied to the exercise of the appellate juri iction of this Court under Section 260A.

8.

The rival submissions now fall for consideration.

9.

Before   we   deal   with   the   grounds   on   which   the Commissioner sought to exercise his juri iction under Section 263 and the decision of the Tribunal in appeal, it would, at the outset, be necessary to advert to the parameters for the exercise of the juri iction under Section 263 of the Act.  Section 263 empowers the   Commissioner   to   call   for   and   examine   the   record   of   any proceeding “if he considers that any order passed therein by the Assessing Officer is erroneous in so far as it is prejudicial to the interests of the Revenue”.   The language of Section 263 imposes two requirements, the first being that the order of the Assessing Officer must be regarded as being erroneous and the second that the   order   must   be   prejudicial   to   the   interests   of   the   Revenue. Similarly, the Commissioner cannot exercise his juri iction under Section 263 merely on the ground that the interests of the Revenue Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 13 itxa5818.10-1.2 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 14 itxa5818.10-1.2 compensation/damages.   In the return filed by the assessee, the 6 (2010) 236 CTR (Del) 476 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 15 itxa5818.10-1.2 amount   was   noted   as   compensation   and   damages   for   loss   of agricultural   income.     The   Assessing   Officer   accepted   this   and endorsed   a   nil   assessment   for   the   assessment   year.     The Commissioner in the exercise of his juri iction under Section   263 concluded that the amount was unconnected with any agricultural operation and was liable to be taxed under the head  “income from other sources”.  Both, the Tribunal in appeal and the High Court held against the assessee.  The Supreme Court while dismissing the appeal came to the conclusion that the order of nil assessment by the Income Tax Officer was passed without application of mind. There was no material to support the claim of the assessee that the amount   paid   represented   compensation   for   loss   of   agricultural income.    The Assessing Officer,  noted the Supreme Court,  had accepted the entry in the statement of account filed by the assessee in the absence of any supporting material and without making any enquiry.     On   these   facts,   the   conclusion   that   the   order   of   the Income Tax Officer was erroneous was held to be irresistible and the juri iction under Section   263 was held to be a justifiable exercise. Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

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12.

The judgment   of  the  Division  Bench  of   this  Court   in Gabriel   India  had   confined   the   categories   within   which   the juri iction under Section  263 could be exercised, to a situation in which the order of the Assessing Officer could be regarded as not being in accordance with law or which had been passed without making an enquiry in undue haste.  The exposition of law in the judgment of the Division Bench, to the extent to which it confined the  juri iction under Section  263 only to these categories stands modified by the law laid down by the Supreme Court in Malabar Industrial Company.  The judgment of the Supreme Court clearly does not warrant a restriction of the juri iction under Section  263 only to a situation where the judgment of the Assessing Officer is contrary to law or where the Assessing Officer has not made any enquiry   in   undue   haste.     The   Supreme   Court   has   in  Malabar Industrial Company  observed that the Commissioner has to be satisfied of the existence of  two conditions, namely, (i) The order of the Assessing Officer sought to be revised is erroneous; and (ii) The order of the Assessing Officer is prejudicial to the interests of the revenue.     If one of those requirements is absent, recourse cannot be had to Section 263. Moreover, it has been held that Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 17 itxa5818.10-1.2 every  kind of   mistake   or error   of  the Assessing  Officer  cannot warrant the exercise of juri iction under Section   263 and it is only   when   an   order   is   erroneous   that   the   section   would   be attracted. The Supreme Court  held that “an incorrect assumption of   facts   or   an   incorrect   application   of   law   will   satisfy   the requirement of the order being erroneous.”  In the same category, according to the Supreme Court, would fall orders “passed without applying the principles of natural justice or without application of mind”.   Consequently, in view of the affirmative principle of law laid down by the Supreme Court, the exercise of the juri iction under Section  263 cannot be confined only to those cases where it can   be   held   that   the   order   of   the   Assessing   Officer   is   not   in accordance   with   law   in   the   restricted   sense   in   which   that expression has been used in  Gabriel India Ltd.   As regards the order   being   prejudicial   to   the   interests   of   the   Revenue,   the judgment in Malabar Industrial Company adverts to the decisions of the Karnataka and Gujarat High Courts and of the view of the Division Bench in Gabriel India, according to which, a loss of tax has been regarded as prejudicial to the interests of the Revenue. The Supreme Court has held that if due to an erroneous order of Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 18 itxa5818.10-1.2 the Income Tax Officer, the Revenue is losing tax lawfully payable by a person, it would certainly be prejudicial to the interests of the Revenue.  Every loss of revenue as a consequence of an order of the Assessing Officer, cannot be treated as prejudicial to the interests of the Revenue.   For instance, where the Assessing Officer adopted one of  several courses permissible in law or where two views are possible   and   the   Assessing   Officer   has   adopted   one   view   with which the Commissioner does not agree, it has been held that it cannot be treated as an erroneous order prejudicial to the interests of the Revenue unless the view taken is unsustainable in law.

13.

Now, it is in this background that it would be necessary for the Court to assess as to whether the Tribunal in interfering with the order of the Commissioner passed under Section  263 has acted within the parameters   of law.   During the course of the assessment proceedings, the Assessing Officer had issued a notice to the assessee on 30 January 2001. The notice contained in Sr. No.18 a list of queries in regard to the claim of the deduction under Section     80­HH.     The   Assessing   Officer   inter  alia   required   the assessee to explain why the head office expenses had not been Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 19 itxa5818.10-1.2 allocated like earlier years and why the capital expenditure on research and development had not been allocated.   Similarly, in regard to the deduction claimed under Sections 80­I and 80­IA, the Assessing Officer called upon the assessee to disclose inter alia the allocation of scientific capital expenses as well as the expenditure under Section   35(1).   In its reply dated 9 February 2001, the assessee dealt with the issue of the head office expenses and stated that since the deduction admissible under Section  80­HH is on the basis of profits derived from the industrial undertaking (which has a narrower scope than the words ‘attributable to’) the common unallocated head office expenses could not be regarded as being derived from the units in question.  As regards the issue of capital expenditure on scientific research, the assessee stated as follows: “The capital expenditure on scientific research cannot be reduced from the profits of eligible undertaking as these have not been incurred at the undertakings.   Further, these expenses are not directly linked to the operations of the undertaking.”

14.

The Assessing Officer in the order of assessment held that the unallocated head office expenses needed to be apportioned to determine the quantum of profits derived from an industrial Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 20 itxa5818.10-1.2 undertaking.  According to the Assessing Officer, the Act does not require  that all  expenses relatable  to an industrial  undertaking should be incurred at the unit and any expenses wherever incurred having  nexus with the unit, need to be deducted to determine true profits of the unit.     The assessee submitted a working of the deduction after considering administrative expenses and brought forward loss and on this basis, the Assessing Officer restricted the deduction under Section  80­HH to  Rs. 18.57 crores (as against the claim of Rs. 20.20 crores) and under Sections  80­I and 80­IA to Rs. 212.15 crores (as against the claim of Rs. 230.03 crores).   The order of the Assessing Officer was, however, completely silent in regard to the allocation of expenditure incurred towards research and development.     Ex­facie, the order does not deal with that aspect at all.   Consequently, when a notice to show cause was issued to the assessee under Section  263, the Commissioner stated that on verification of the records, expenditure under four heads though having a bearing on the profits of the units, had not been considered  for   allocation.     The   notice   set   out   the   case   of   the department   that   the   expenditure   under   the   four   heads   stated therein also had a bearing on the profits of the units and should be Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 21 itxa5818.10-1.2 allocated proportionately.  The assessee was, therefore, placed on notice that the case of the Revenue was that though certain items of expenditure had a nexus with the industrial undertakings in respect of which a deduction had been claimed under Sections   80­ I, 80­IA and 80­HH the  Assessing Officer  had failed to apply his mind.  The stand of the assessee was that the agency commission of Rs.35.59 crores had already been allocated in arriving at   profit derived from eligible units, being calculated under the head of advertisement.  As regards the other items, the explanation of the assessee was as follows : “In so far as other items are concerned, these do not have bearing on the profits of the units.  The expenditure on Scientific research is in respect of certain business related research   activities   carried   on   at   our   research   centres. These  expenses  are  in  no  way related  to the  current year’s   operations   of   the   units   in   respect   of   which deduction under Sec. 80I/80IA   has been claimed.   It may be pertinent to note that research on a particular product precedes its commercial production.  In fact, the products which are being manufactured at the units in respect of which deduction under Sec. 80I/IA has been claimed   are   those   in   respect   of   which   the   company already possesses the requisite know­how.   Therefore, expenditure incurred on Scientific Research cannot be allocated in determining the profits from these units.”

15.

The explanation tendered by the assessee on 25 March Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 22 itxa5818.10-1.2 2003, in the aforesaid terms, upon the issuance of a notice to show cause was, therefore, at variance with what was stated before the Assessing Officer.  Before the Assessing Officer, the contention of the assessee was that the expenditure on scientific research could not be reduced from the profits of the eligible undertaking as it was not incurred at the undertaking   and was not moreover, directly linked with the operation of the undertaking. In the proceedings under   Section     263,   the   assessee   stated   that   research   on   a particular   product   preceded   its   commercial   production   and  the products which were being manufactured at the units in respect of which a deduction under Section  80I/80IA had been claimed were those for which the assessee already possessed the requisite know­ how.  Consequently, it was submitted that expenditure incurred on scientific research cannot be allocated in determining the profits from these units in the current year’s operations.

16.

The   Commissioner   in   his   order   under   Section     263 observed that the assessee  spends money on research to improve upon its existing products to compete in the market and also to bring in new brands in the existing category of products.   The Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 23 itxa5818.10-1.2 Commissioner took note of the fact that research is an   ongoing process and is inextricably linked with the business of assessee, including business in those products which are manufactured in the units for which deductions were claimed under Sections  80­I, 80­ IA and 80­HH. The Commissioner noted that there was common expenditure across all the products/brands and this expenditure had been allowed in computing the income under the head “profits and   Gains   from   Business   or   Profession”   for   the   whole   of   the business   of   the   assessee.     The   logical   corollary   was   that   in computing the profits derived from an eligible unit, an appropriate part of the aforesaid expenditure would also have to be allocated. The order of the Commissioner contains a finding also to the effect that the expense   should have been considered by the Assessing Officer     in   computing   the   profits   derived   from   the   industrial undertaking to which the deduction pertained.  The failure to do so resulted   in   the   order   being   erroneous,   according   to   the Commissioner, in so far as it was prejudicial to the interests of the Revenue.

17.

The   Tribunal   has   interfered   with   the   finding   of   the Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 24 itxa5818.10-1.2 Commissioner   under   Section     263     in   appeal.   The   Tribunal proceeded on the basis that during the course of the assessment proceedings,   the   Assessing   Officer   made   a   specific   query   with reference to the deduction under Sections 80­I, 80­IA and 80­HH; that the assessee gave a reply and that each and every item qua this deduction which was enquired into by the Assessing Officer was replied “one by one” and it was only thereafter that the Assessing Officer accepted the claim of the assessee.  There is a patent fallacy in the approach of the Tribunal.   For one thing, it is evident that though the Assessing Officer had in his letter dated 30 January 2001   sought   an   explanation   on   why   capital   expenditure   on research and development and on scientific capital expenses should not be allocated,  the reply of the assessee dated 9 February 2001 contained virtually no material or details to establish that there was no direct nexus between the expenditure incurred under the head in question and the business of the undertakings with reference to which the deduction was claimed.   As we have noted earlier, all that   the   assessee   stated   was   that   the   capital   expenditure   on scientific research had not been incurred at the undertakings and is not   directly   linked   with   the   operations   of   the   undertakings. Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 25 itxa5818.10-1.2 Besides this statement, the assessee within whose knowledge, the facts pertaining to the business of the undertaking and the nature of the research expenditure rested, came forth with no detailed explanation.  As a matter of fact, as we have noted earlier, in the course  of the proceedings  under Section    263, the explanation which was tendered by the assessee on 25 March 2003, was not that the research was   not undertaken at the units, but that the products which were being manufactured by the units were those in respect of which the Company already possessed the requisite know­how.  Be that as it may, the fundamental basis on which  the Tribunal has proceeded which is that there was due application of mind by the Assessing Officer during the course of the enquiry is erroneous.       As   a   matter   of   fact,   as   the   order   passed   by   the Commissioner notes in para 4  the Assessing Officer ought to have considered   whether   in   computing   profits   derived   from   the industrial undertaking, the expenditure incurred by the assessee inter   alia   on   research   and   development   was   proximately   and directly   connected   with   the   business   of   the   undertaking.     The Assessing   Officer's   order   shows   that   he   failed   to   do   so. Consequently, the Commissioner was justified in taking recourse to Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 26 itxa5818.10-1.2 his power under Section  263. The order passed by the Assessing Officer was without application of mind.  The crucial issue namely, as to whether the expenses in question, bore a direct nexus with the  undertaking  in respect  of   which   the deduction   was  sought under   Sections     80­I,   80­IA   and   80­HH   so   as   to   warrant   an expenditure   had   been   prepared   separately;   they   were   shown separately and the expenditure incurred had nothing to do with the activity of the unit in which the deduction under Section  80­IB had Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 27 itxa5818.10-1.2 been claimed.  There was thus a finding of fact by the Tribunal in Wockhardt,  based   on   the   material   on   the   record,   that   the expenditure which was incurred had no proximate nexus with the activity of the units in which the deduction had been claimed. The reliance placed on the decision in the Wockhardt  is misconceived for the simple reason that in the present case, there was a complete failure on the part of the Assessing Officer to apply his mind to the issue of whether the expenditure which was claimed should be allocated as between the units in respect of which the deduction had been claimed and on whether there was a direct or proximate nexus.  In this view of the matter, and on this aspect, we accept the submission  which has been urged on behalf of the Revenue that the recourse which was taken to the juri iction under Section  263 was in order and that the Tribunal was not justified in interfering with the order passed by the Commissioner.  Both the requirements of Section 263 have been fulfilled.  The Commissioner was justified in coming to the conclusion that the order of the Assessing Officer is erroneous.   As a result of an erroneous order passed by an Assessing Officer, where the Revenue is losing tax lawfully payable by   an   assessee,   the   order   is   prejudicial   to   the   interests   of   the Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 28 itxa5818.10-1.2 Revenue.   Both the requirement of Section 263, as laid down in Malabar Industrial are fulfilled.

19.

On the issue of allocation of  cess on green leaves, we are in agreement with the view which has been taken by the Tribunal. Rule   8   of   the   Income   Tax   Rules,   1962   stipulates   that   income derived from the sale of tea grown and manufactured by the seller in   India   shall   be   computed   as   if   it   were   income   derived   from business, and forty per cent of such income shall be deemed to be income   liable   to   tax.     Rule   8   provides   for   a   legal   fiction   for determining what part of the income of an assessee, who engages in the growing of tea leaves and the manufacture of tea, would be regarded as being attributable to income from the manufacturing operations and liable to tax.  As a result of the fiction brought in by Rule 8,   the entire income which is derived from the sale of tea grown and manufactured by the seller is required to be computed, in the first instance, as if it is an income derived from business. 40% of the income which is so derived, is then deemed to be income which is liable to tax.  The expenditure which was incurred by   the   assessee   on   the   payment   of   cess   on     green   leaves,   is Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 29 itxa5818.10-1.2 expenditure which is liable to be taken into account in computing the income of the assessee from the business. As a matter of fact, this view has been taken by the Calcutta High Court in Income Tax Appeal 193 of 2002 decided in the case of the assessee itself on 4 February 2011. One of the questions which was formulated for the decision of the Calcutta High Court was to the following effect: “ Whether in computing the composite income derived from sale of tea grown and manufactured by the assessee cess payable under the Assam Agricultural Income Tax Act     on   green   tea   leaves   is   allowable   as   a   business expenditure in computing the composite income under Rule of the Income Tax Rules, 1962?” Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 30 itxa5818.10-1.2

20.

On the issue of agency commission and on the issue of interest, we find that there are no reasons in the order of the Commissioner   for   taking   recourse   to   the   revisional   juri iction under Section  263. As regards agency commission, the assessee had stated before the Commissioner that the agency commission has already been factored in while computing the profits of the eligible units.   Similarly, as regards the element of interest, the assessee   disclosed   before   the   Commissioner   that   it   had   not depended   upon   borrowed   funds   and   that   there   was   sufficient accruals in the eligible units themselves. The assessee stated before the Commissioner that  it had not borrowed funds for setting up of the units and units had been set up with internal accruals.   The assessee has placed reliance on the fact that on the date of the balance sheet, the assessee had invested an aggregate of Rs.739 crores and that since each of the units in respect of whom the deduction is claimed had earned substantial profits they were not in need of borrowed funds for their operations.  There is no finding to the contrary in the order passed by the Commissioner.

21.

Consequently,   the   recourse   to   the   juri iction   under Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13

VBC 31 itxa5818.10-1.2 Section  263 was not warranted as regards the following, namely (i) The allocation  of the agricultural cess on green leaves; (ii) Agency commission; and (iii) Interest.

22.

As regards the Research and Development expenditures, the Tribunal was not justified in setting aside the order passed by the Commissioner under Section     263 and in holding that the juri iction under Section  263 had not been properly invoked.

23.

We answer the question of law in the aforesaid terms. The Appeal is accordingly disposed of.  There shall be no order as to costs. ( Dr.D.Y.Chandrachud, J.) ( M.S.Sanklecha, J.) Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:46:13 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

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