danesh a irani vs. commissioner of income-tax,mum

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ITXA/513/2005HC Bombay30 August 2010Bench: HON'BLE SHRI JUSTICE V.C. DAGA, HON'BLE SHRI JUSTICE R.M. SAVANT.16 pages
AI SummaryDismissed

What did the High Court hold?

The Tribunal held that the expenditure incurred on replacing the roof was indeed revenue expenditure, not capital expenditure. However, it was not entirely for the purpose of the assessee's business, as the building was occupied by other tenants and the assessee was also a beneficiary of the trust. Therefore, the Tribunal upheld the Assessing Officer's view that the deduction should be restricted to a proportionate part of the expenditure, calculated on the basis of the floor area occupied by the assessee for his business. The High Court, while examining the appeal, agreed with the Tribunal's reasoning, particularly in light of Section 38 of the Income Tax Act, which mandates restriction of deductions to a fair proportionate part when premises are not exclusively used for business. The High Court found no error in allowing proportionate deduction and dismissed the assessee's appeal.

What were the facts?

The assessee, Danesh A. Irani, appealed against an order of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT) for Assessment Year 1998-99. The dispute concerns the deduction of Rs. 17,63,280 incurred for replacing the leaking roof of a building owned by a Trust, where the assessee is a beneficiary and also a tenant of approximately 3700 sq. ft. on the ground floor for business purposes. The original roof was replaced with a concrete slab due to leakage concerns. The Assessing Officer (AO) allowed a deduction of only Rs. 3.26 lacs on a prorata basis, treating the expenditure as capital in nature and allowing it as depreciation. The Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals) confirmed the capital nature but allowed depreciation on the entire expenditure. The ITAT, by order dated June 15, 2005, held the expenditure to be revenue but restricted the deduction to the prorata share occupied by the assessee.

What were the issues?

1. Whether, on the facts and circumstances, the Tribunal was justified in restricting the allowance for deduction of expenditure incurred on repairs to the roof commensurate with the area occupied by the assessee for business purposes? (Question of law) 2. Whether, on the facts and circumstances, the Tribunal, having found the expenditure to be in the revenue field and acknowledging the assessee occupied a major part of the commercial premises for business, was justified in not allowing the deduction in its entirety? (Question of mixed law and fact) Assessee's Contentions: The expenditure was in the revenue field, not providing any enduring benefit, and thus the entire amount should have been allowed as a deduction. The assessee relied on the fact that the expenditure was necessary for business expediency and to protect tenancy rights. Revenue's Contentions: The revenue argued that the expenditure was capital in nature. Further, even if considered revenue expenditure, the deduction should be restricted to the prorata share of the area occupied by the assessee for business purposes, as per Section 38 of the Income Tax Act. The revenue's appeal to the ITAT was against the Commissioner (Appeals)'s direction to grant depreciation on the entire expenditure.

Which sections of the Income-tax Act were involved?

Section 38,Section 143(3),Section 30,Section 31,Section 32

AI-generated summary — verify with the full judgment below

1 Income tax Appeal No.513 of 2005 mmj IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY ORIDINARY ORIGINAL CIVIL JURISDICTION INCOME TAX APPEAL NO.513 OF 2005 Danesh A. Irani ) of Mumbai Indian Inhabitant ) residing at Dhub­Abad, 106, ) Bhulabhai Desai Road, Mumbai 400 036 )..Appellant Vs. Commissioner of Income Tax, Mumbai ) City­XVI, having his office at ) Matru Mandir, Tardeo )..Respondent Mr. Soli Dastur, Sr. Advocate with Mr. Neeraj Sheth and Mr. Nikhil Pai i/b Humranwala & Co. for the Appellant Mr. P. S. Sahadevan for the Respondent

CORAM :­     V.C.DAGA &

R.M.SAVANT,JJ. DATE    :­ 30th August, 2010

JUDGMENT (Per Shri R.M.Savant, J.) 1 The above Appeal has been filed by the Assessee challenging the order   dated   15th  June   2005   passed   by  the     E­Bench,   of   the   Income   Tax Appellate Tribunal in Income Tax Appeal No.3149/Mum/2001, by which order, the said Appeal came to  be decided against the Assessee and the order passed by the Assessing Officer, came to be confirmed by the Tribunal. 2 The following substantial questions of law arise for consideration in the above Appeal: CNR No : HCBM020184042005 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:43

2 Income tax Appeal No.513 of 2005 “i. Whether on the facts and the circumstance of the case, the Tribunal was justified in restricting the allowance for deduction of expenditure incurred on repairs to the roof of the building commensurate with the area that was occupied by the assessee for the purpose of his business. ii. Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of   the   case   the   Tribunal   having   found   that   the expenditure incurred was in the revenue field and it being   an   admitted   position   that   the   Appellant   was occupying a major part of the commercial premises in the building, for the purpose of his business was the Tribunal justified in not allowing the reduction claimed in its entirety.” 3 The facts leading to the filing of the above Appeal can be stated thus: The building in question in respect of which the Assessee i.e the Appellant above name has carried out the repairs to the roof and in respect of the expenditure of the repairs of which the Appellant is claiming deduction is Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:43

3 Income tax Appeal No.513 of 2005 owned by a Trust pursuant to an Indenture of Trust dated 6th October 1937. The building consist of ground plus three floors with a terrace floor above it, which floor is occupied by the beneficiaries which include the Appellant in their capacity as beneficiaries. The first, second and third floor is tenanted to outsiders. From the point of view of the issue in the Appeal, it is relevant to note that the ground floor comprises an area of 30,000 sq.ft. Of which the Appellant is a tenant approximately 3700 sq.ft. and is used by the Appellant for the purpose of his business, as franchisee of M/s. Grasim Industries Ltd. As per the Appellant the building was constructed prior to the year 1940 and initially had a roof which was made of mangalore tiles. It is the case of the Appellant that due to the building being old, considerable leakage was taking place from the roof as a result of which the load bearing wall of the building were progressively getting weakened. It is the case of the Appellant that on account of the leakage there was an apprehension of short circuit and consequential fire to the building. It was in these said circumstances that it was decided to replace the leaking mangalore tile roof by a concrete slab.  Neither the land lord who was incapacitated to carry out repairs due to paucity of funds, nor the other tenants showed any desire to carry out the repairs inspite of the said condition of the building. The Appellant who was carrying on business from the ground floor as a tenant felt that it was in the interest of his business and commercial expediency necessitated that the expenditure on the  replacement of the roof be incurred so as to protect his tenancy rights. The Appellant accordingly incurred an amount of Rs.17,63,280/­ in the year previous to the Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:43

4 Income tax Appeal No.513 of 2005 Assessment year 1998­99 for carrying out repairs and claimed the same as deduction in computing his income chargeable to tax under the head “profits and gains of business or profession” 4 In so far as the assessment of the Appellant is concerned, the Assessing Officer completed the assessment under Section 143(3)  by an order dated 31st  January 2000 and assessed the Appellant to an income of Rs. 34,14,440/­.  In so far as the claim for deduction is concerned, the Assessing officer was of the view that since the Appellant occupied 3700 sq,ft, area out of the total area of 30,000 sq.ft., the Appellant was not entitled to a deduction  of two entire expenditure on repairs and if any deduction was to be allowed, it was only to the extent of the Appellant’s share fixed on prorata basis  having a nexus to the area occupied by him. The Assessing Officer on the premise that there was an enduring benefit which would accrue to the Appellant over a period of time, determined the said expenditure as on capital account and hence was not allowable in computing the profits chargeable under the head “profits and gains of business or profession”. The Assessing officer concluded that of out the total expenditure of Rs.17,63,280/­, the Appellant was entitled to a deduction only of Rs.3.26 lacs and even the said expenditure was not allowable as a deduction in view of the fact that it was in the capital field. The Assessing Officer accordingly directed the allowance of the deduction by way of depreciation in respect of the said amount of Rs.3.26 lacs. Being   aggrieved   by   the   said   order   dated   31st  January   2000 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:43

5 Income tax Appeal No.513 of 2005 passed by the Assessing Officer, the Appellant had preferred an Appeal to the Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals). The principal ground of challenge was on   the   ground   that   the   Assessing   officer   has   disallowed   the   claim   for expenditure   incurred   on   repairs   and   maintenance   of   the   building.     The Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals) had disposed of the said Appeal by his order dated 1st March 2001. The Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals) inter alia held that the expenditure that was incurred was clearly  in the nature of capital   expenditure   and,   therefore,   rejected   the   Appellant’s  contention  for deduction   of   expenditure.   However,   notwithstanding,   what   he   had   held, directed the Assessing officer to grant the depreciation in respect of the entire expenditure without restricting it to the pro­rata share of the Appellant. Aggrieved by the said order dated 1st March, 2001 passed by the Commissioner Income Tax (Appeals) the Appellant preferred an Appeal to the Income   Tax   Appellate   Tribunal   challenging   the   said   order.   The   Appellant challenged it inter alia on the ground that the Commissioner of Appeal had treated the said expenditure incurred as in the capital field. The revenue had also preferred an Appeal to the Tribunal against the same order. In so far as the Appeal of the revenue was concerned, the same was filed challenging the findings of the Commissioner (Appeals) whereby he had directed the Assessing Officer to grant depreciation on the entire expenditure that was treated as capital in nature. Both the appeals were consolidated by the Tribunal and disposed of by a common order dated 15th June 2005. Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:43

6 Income tax Appeal No.513 of 2005 5 From the point of view of the questions of law involved in the present Appeal, it is required to be noted that on behalf of the Appellant, it was   urged   before   the   Tribunal   that   the   expenditure   incurred   was   in   the revenue field and that no advantage of enduring benefit was obtained. It was, therefore,   the   case   of   the   Appellant   before   the   Tribunal   that   the   entire expenditure   ought   to   have   been   allowed   as   deduction   as   admittedly   the Appellant was occupying the premises for the purpose of his business. 6 On behalf of the revenue, it was urged before the Tribunal that the expenditure was in the capital field and since the Appellant was only one of the tenants. It was not necessary for the Appellant to incur the entire expenditure. It was further urged by the Revenue that both, the tenants, as well as the Land Lord were duty bound to bear the costs of repairs. Therefore, in any event according to the revenue the entire amount cannot be allowed as deduction. The Tribunal inter alia held that even though the Appellant was a trustee as well as the beneficiary of the trust, he  was occupying a part of the building for the purpose of his business.  Relying upon a Judgment of the Apex Court in CIT vs. Madras Auto Stores, 23 ITR page 468, the Tribunal has held that the expenditure incurred by the Appellant was the expenditure in the revenue field. The Tribunal on the premise that the fundamental duty to carry out the repairs of that of the Landlord and that the other  tenants had also a Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:43

7 Income tax Appeal No.513 of 2005 duty to share in the expenditure and further the Tribunal was of the view that the Appellant was entitled to deduction only on pro­rata basis. The Tribunal proceeded on the basis that in fact the repair work was also carried out by the Landlord trust but the expenditure was debited in the books of account of the Appellant.   The   Tribunal   was   of   the   view   that   the   tenant   incurring   the expenditure for the entire building cannot be treated as expenditure wholly and   exclusively   for   the   purpose   of   the   tenants   business.   The   Tribunal, therefore, has by its said Judgment and order dated 15th June 2005 upheld the action of the Assessing officer in allowing the deduction only on a prorata basis, but in so far as treating the said expenditure as on account of revenue, disagreed   with   the   Assessing   Officer   who   treated   the   same   as   capital expenditure. 7 We have heard the Learned Senior Counsel Mr. Soli Dastur for the Appellant and Mr. Sahadevan the Learned Counsel appearing   for the Respondents. On behalf of the Appellant, it was contended by the Learned Senior Counsel that the Appellant was a franchisee of M/s. Grasim and had a show room and retail outlet on the ground floor of the building in question and was occupying 3700 sq.ft. as a tenant in the said building. The Learned Senior Counsel submitted that in view of the fact that the building being old, water was seeping through the walls and percolating to the ground floor which part was occupied by the Appellant, which was not conducive to the carrying out  of business by the Appellant. The Learned Senior Counsel submitted that Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:43

8 Income tax Appeal No.513 of 2005 the Appellant in the said circumstances, thought it fit to repair the entire roof inasmuch as he has replaced the mangalore tiles roof with the RCC slab as and by way of commercial expediency as the Appellant was of the view that the same would be beneficial to the carrying on of his business in the premises in question.   The   Learned   Senior   Counsel   submitted   that   once   the   Tribunal recorded a finding of fact that the expenditure incurred by the Appellant was on account of revenue, the Tribunal thereafter could not  have restricted the deduction to the share of the Appellant calculated on a pro­rata basis but ought to have allowed the deduction of the entire expenditure incurred by the Appellant. The Learned Senior Counsel submitted that in so far as the aspect of commercial expediency is concerned, a finding of fact has been recorded by the Tribunal and, therefore, the Appellant was entitled to the  deduction of the entire amount of expenditure incurred by the Appellant. 8 In   so   far   as   the   aspect   of   the   commercial   expediency   is concerned,   the   Learned   Senior   Counsel   for   the   Appellant     relied   upon   a Judgment of the Apex Court in the matter of Eastern Investments Ltd. Vs. Commissioner of Income Tax West Bengal  reported in (1951) 20 ITR 1 wherein the Apex Court has culled out the relevant principles on page 4 of the said Judgment “(b) it is not necessary to show that the expenditure was a profitable one or that in fact any profit was earned : Moore V. Stercarts and Lloyds and Usher’s Case Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:43

9 Income tax Appeal No.513 of 2005 (c) it is enough to show that the money was expended “not of necessity and with a view to a direct and immediate benefit to the trade, but voluntarily and on the ground of commercial expediency, and in order indirectly to facilitate the carrying on of the business.” British Insulated and Helsby Cables Ltd. V Anthrton and (d) beyond that no hard and fast rule can be laid down to explain what is meant by the word “solely.” Clauses   (b)   and   (d)   of   the   said   principles   according   to   the Learned Counsel are relevant for the purpose of the instant Appeal. 9 The Learned Senior Counsel for the Appellant has further relied upon  the   Judgment  of  the  Apex Court in  Commissioner   of   Income­Tax, Bombay v/s. Walchand and Co. Private Ltd., reported in 9167 I.T.R. (SC) 381 wherein the Apex Court has held that in applying the test of commercial expediency of determining whether an expenditure was wholly and exclusively laid out for the purpose of the business, reasonableness of the expenditure has to be adjudged from the point of view of the businessman and not of the revenue.   The   nature   of   the   jurisdiction   predicates   that   the   Tribunal   will approach and decide the case in a judicial spirit and for that purpose it must indicate the disputed questions before it with evidence pro and con and record Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:43

10 Income tax Appeal No.513 of 2005 its reasons in support of the decision.   The practice of recording a decision without reasons in support cannot but be severely deprecated.” 10 In so far as the claim of the Appellant for the deduction of the entire expenditure is concerned, the Learned Senior Counsel relied upon the Judgment of the Division Bench of this Court in Tata Sons Vs. Commissioner of Income Tax, Bombay City and the Judgment of the Apex Court in Sassoon J David and Co. P. Ltd. v/s. Commissioner of Income Tax Bombay reported in 1979 I.T.R. (S.C.) 261  the sum and substance of what has been held by the Apex Court is that the expenditure of which the deduction is sought  may be voluntarily and without any necessity and if it is incurred for promoting the business and to earn profits, the assessee can claim deduction under the Act even though there was no compelling necessity to incur such expenditure.  The fact   that   somebody   other   than   the   assessee   is   also   benefited   by   the expenditure, should not come in the way of an expenditure being allowed by way of deduction under the Act if it satisfies otherwise the tests laid down by law. 11 On   behalf   of   the   Respondents     Shri   Sahadevan   the   Learned Counsel submitted that though the Tribunal has held that the expenditure is on account of revenue in terms of Section 38 of the Income Tax Act, a discretion is vested with the Assessing officer to grant proportionate deduction considering the facts and circumstances of the case. The Learned Counsel submitted that in Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:43

11 Income tax Appeal No.513 of 2005 the facts  of the present case wherein the Appellant is a tenant and occupies an area of 3700 sq.ft. out of about 30,000 sq.ft. The Assessing officer was right in granting deduction on prorata basis. The Learned Counsel further submitted that the Tribunal has for reasons mentioned in its order has upheld the grant of proportionate deduction to the Appellant, as can be seen from the said Order. The Learned Counsel for the Respondents, therefore, submitted that no interference is called for with the order passed by the Tribunal. 12 We have heard the Learned Counsel for the parties and have bestowed  our  anxious  consideration  to   the   rival  contentions.  It would   be gainful to reproduce the part of the order of the Tribunal wherein reasons have been mentioned by the Tribunal as to why the Appellant would be entitled to only a proportionate deduction on prorata basis.   The same is reproduced hereunder.

“16. Now coming to the quantum of the expenditure we   have   to   see   that   even   though   the   assessee   is carrying on business in his individual capacity, he is a beneficiary of the trust as well as trustee of the trust which   owned   the   building.   Therefore,   there   is   no much conviction in stating that the landlord of the building   was   not   willing   to   cooperate   with   the assessee in undertaking the repairing work of the roof Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:43

12 Income tax Appeal No.513 of 2005 and thereby the assessee alone was constrained to shoulder the entire expenditure. Other tenants also, if at   all   so   warranted,   had   a   duty   to   share   the expenditure. It is the basic duty of the landlord to undertake the repair work. Here in this present case, even though the expenditure has been claimed by the assessee   as   an   individual   business   man,   the   trust which owned the building had to repair it. Therefore, it is also possible, not erroneously, to hold that in fact the debited in the books of account of the assessee. Even without going to this unpleasant extent  (in fact the assessing officer and CIT(A) has not steered the case in this direction), it is to be seen that the assessee was not bound to bear the entire expenditure. We have   also   found   that   the   theory   of   helplessness propounded by the assessee is not convincing for the mere fact that the assessee was the tenant as well as the de facto landlord. Even in the case of a stranger tenant,   the   incurring   expenditure   for   the   entire building of which he is holding only a small portion cannot be treated as an expenditure incurred entirely for the purpose of carrying on his business. In that way, there cannot be a limit for a business expenditure Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:43

13 Income tax Appeal No.513 of 2005 and such a proposition straight away transgresses the legitimacy of section 37 of Income­tax Act 1961. 17 Therefore, we hold that even though the repair expenditure is allowed as revenue expenditure, the assessee is entitled to claim by way of deduction only that proportion computed by the assessing officer on the basis of occupancy of floor area. 18 In   result,   the   contention   of   the   revenue regarding the nature of expenditure is dispelled but the   contention   regarding   proportionate   quantum   is upheld. As far as the assessee’s appeal is concerned, the reverse has happened. The contention regarding the nature is accepted but the contention regarding the quantum is dispelled.” The Tribunal, as can be seen from the order extracted above did not   accept the theory of helplessness propounded by the Appellant above named and found it to be not convincing on the consideration of the fact that the assessee was the tenant as well as the de facto landlord.   The Tribunal, however, observed that even in the case of a stranger tenant, the incurring of the expenditure for the entire building of which he is holding only a small Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:43

14 Income tax Appeal No.513 of 2005 portion cannot be treated as an expenditure incurred entirely for the purpose of carrying on his business. The Tribunal, therefore, though held that the expenditure incurred was revenue expenditure, further held that the assessee would be entitled to claim by way of deduction only that portion propounded by the Assessing Officer on the basis of the occupancy of the floor area. It would also be advantageous to refer to Section 38 of the Income Tax Act which is reproduced hereinunder: “38 (1) Where a part of any premises is used as dwelling house by the assessee, (a) the deduction under sub­clause (i) of claue (a) of section 30, in the cae of rent, shall be such amount   as   the   (Assessing)   Officer   may   determined having regard to the proportionate annual value of the part used for the purpose of the business or profession, and in the case of any sum paid for repairs, such sum as is proportionate to the part of the premises used for the purpose of the business or profession; (b) the deduction under clause (b) of section 30 shall   be   such   sum   as   the   (Assessing)   Officer   may determine having regard to the part so used. (2) Where   any   building,   machinery,   plant   or furniture is not exclusively used for the purposes of Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:43

15 Income tax Appeal No.513 of 2005 the business or profession, the deductions under sub­ clause (ii) of clause (a) and clause (c) of section 30 clauses (i) and (ii) of section 31 and (clause (ii) of sub ­section (1)) of section 32 shall be restricted to a fair proportionate   part   thereof   which   the   (Assessing) Officer may determine, having regard to the user of such building, machinery, plant or furniture for the purposes of the business or profession.”

It is required to be mentioned that the Appellant is occupying the 4th  floor flat below the terrace for his residence and as mentioned herein above, the Appellant is the beneficiary of the trust. The Appellant, therefore, is in his dual capacity as tenant as well as the beneficiary of the trust, if that be so, considering Section 38 of the Income Tax Act, the deduction shall be restricted to a fair proportionate part thereof with the Assessing Officer may determine having regard to the user of such building for the purpose of  the business or profession. The Assessing Officer, in our view, therefore, though having recorded the factual finding as regards the tenanted premises occupied by the Appellant being used for the business purpose had thereafter, restricted the deduction by calculating the same on prorata basis i.e qua the premises occupied by the Appellant. We, therefore, do not find any error on part of the Assessing   Officer   as   confirmed   by  the   Tribunal   in  allowing   the   deduction calculated on prorata basis. Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:43

16 Income tax Appeal No.513 of 2005 Though the Learned Senior Counsel relied upon judgments in support of his contention that once a finding of fact, as regards the business expediency in incurring expenditure, is recorded. The Tribunal cannot go into the extent of expenditure that is deductible. As can be seen in the said cases the very entitlement to deduction was in question. Such is not the case in the instant   matter   wherein   the   assessee   has   been   held   to   be   entitled   to proportionate deduction. In our view in the light of Section 38 of the said Act, the   order   of   the   Assessing   Officer   as   well   as   the   Tribunal   allowing proportionate deduction cannot be faulted with. 13 We   have   independently   examined   the   issues   in   the   light   of various Judgments holding the field. A reading of the said Judgments discloses that the weight of the judicial pronouncements lean towards the view taken by the Tribunal i.e. grant of proportionate deduction.  (See: Buland Sugar Co. Ltd. Vs. Commissioner of Income­Tax reported in 1980 Vol 130 ITR page 434,  Atlas Cycle Industries  Ltd. Vs. Commissioner of Income­Tax, Patiala reported in (1981) Vol 128 ITR page 60)

14 In the light of the aforesaid, we answer the question of law raised in the above Appeal against the Assessee i.e. the Appellant and confirm the Judgment   and   Order   of   the   Tribunal   impugned   in   the   above   Appeal. Resultantly the Appeal to stand dismissed.

(R.M.SAVANT,J.) (V.C.DAGA,J.) Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 05:02:43 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

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