THE WALLACE FLOUR MILLS CO. LTD. vs. THE C.I.T.CENTRAL CIRCLE-I.

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ITR/104/1999HC Bombay26 August 2016Author: HON'BLE SHRI JUSTICE M.S. SANKLECHA, HON'BLE SHRI JUSTICE S.C. GUPTE13 pages
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What did the High Court hold?

The High Court held that the payment of Rs. 13,91,837 made by the assessee to its subsidiary was an amount expended for the purpose of the assessee's business and was thus an admissible deduction. The Court reasoned that the expression 'wholly and exclusively' in Section 37 does not mean 'necessarily' and that expenditure incurred on the ground of commercial expediency and to indirectly facilitate the carrying on of business is deductible. The Court emphasized that it is ordinarily for the assessee to decide whether any expenditure should be incurred in the course of its business, and such expenditure may be incurred voluntarily without necessity if it is for promoting the business and earning profits. The fact that another entity (the subsidiary) also benefited from the expenditure did not preclude its deductibility. The Court distinguished the Tribunal's reliance on CIT Bombay City-I vs. W.T. Suren & Co. Ltd. by noting that the Supreme Court had later set aside that decision in W.T. Suren And Co. Ltd. vs. C.I.T., holding that gratuity paid to a transferee company was an expenditure wholly laid out for the purpose of the assessee's business. Therefore, the question was answered in the negative, in favour of the assessee.

What were the facts?

The assessee, The Wallace Flour Mills Co. Ltd., is challenging a decision of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (Tribunal) for Assessment Year 1980-81. The assessee reorganized its business by transferring two units (Grant Road and Goa) to a 100% subsidiary. Under the transfer agreement, the assessee agreed to bear any retrenchment compensation payable by the subsidiary to the employees of these transferred units. The assessee paid Rs. 13,91,837 to the subsidiary as a contractual liability for this retrenchment compensation. The Assessing Officer (ITO) disallowed this amount as a business expenditure, considering the transfer of business as an extraordinary happening not incidental to carrying on business. The Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals) allowed the deduction, holding the payment was to facilitate the carrying on of business without hindrance. The Tribunal, however, disagreed with the CIT(Appeals) on this specific amount, holding it was paid after the unit was transferred and not wholly and exclusively for the assessee's own business.

What were the issues?

1. Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances, the Tribunal was justified in law in holding that the sum of Rs. 13,91,837, representing retrenchment compensation paid by its subsidiary to the workers of two units transferred by the assessee, which amount was reimbursed by the assessee under a contractual agreement, was not allowable as an admissible deduction, turning on Section 37 of the Income Tax Act, 1961. Assessee's Contentions: The assessee contended that the expenditure was incurred on the ground of commercial expediency and to indirectly facilitate the carrying on of its business. They relied on the Supreme Court decision in Sassoon J. David and Co. P. Ltd. vs. Commissioner of Income-Tax, Bombay, which held that 'wholly and exclusively' does not mean 'necessarily' and that expenditure incurred for promoting business and earning profits is deductible even without compelling necessity. They also cited Tata Sons Ltd. vs. Commissioner of Income-Tax, Bombay City, for the principle that an abstract or academic view of expenditure should not be taken. Revenue's Contentions: The revenue argued that the payment was made after the unit was transferred and was not wholly and exclusively for the assessee's own business. They relied on the Tribunal's reasoning that the liability was a remote possibility at the time of transfer and could not be ascertained or quantified then. The revenue also referred to the Bombay High Court's decision in CIT Bombay City-I vs. W.T. Suren & Co. Ltd., which distinguished payments made due to business closure from those made for facilitating business operations.

Which sections of the Income-tax Act were involved?

Section 37,Section 256(1),Section 10(2)(xv)

AI-generated summary — verify with the full judgment below

Cause title — parties, addresses and appearances
sg 1/13 itr104-99.doc IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY ORDINARY ORIGINAL CIVIL JURISDICTION INCOME TAX REFERENCE NO.104 OF 1999 The Wallace Flour Mills Co. Ltd. .. Applicant. v/s. The C.I.T. Central Circle­I .. Respondent. …. Ms. A. Vissanji, a/w. Mr. S.J. Mehta, for the Applicant. None for the Respondent. …. CORAM:  M.S.SANKLECHA, &       S.C. GUPTE, JJ. DATE    :  26 AUGUST, 2016.

Oral Judgment (Per S.C. Gupte, J.): . By this Reference under Section 256(1) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (“Tribunal”) refers the following question for our opinion:­ “Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the Tribunal was justified in law in holding that the sum of Rs.13,91,837/­

which represented

retrenchment compensation paid by its subsidiary  to the workers of the two units which belonged to the assessee and which were transferred   to   the   subsidiary   and   which   amount   was reimbursed by the assessee under a contractual agreement, was not allowable as an admissible deduction?”

2.

This Reference relates to Assessment Year 1980­81. 3. The Assessee in the present case had four industrial units, 1 of 13 CNR No : HCBM020091461990 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 sg 2/13 itr104-99.doc two in Bombay (as the city was then known) at Mazgaon and Grant Road, respectively,   and  one   each  in  Goa   and  Bhopal.     During  the   relevant previous year the Assessee reorganized its business by  transferring some of its units and retrenching some of the employees of the other units retained by it.  The units at Grant Road and Goa  were transferred by the Assessee to a company floated as a 100% subsidiary of the Assessee.    A scheme of voluntary retirement was offered to the employees of the other units.   Under this scheme, a sum of Rs.15.23 lakhs was paid   to those employees, who agreed to retire from the services voluntarily.  Insofar as the   units     at   Grant   Road   and   Goa   transferred   to   the   newly   formed subsidiary were concerned, under the transfer terms, the Assessee was to bear retrenchment compensation, if any, payable by the subsidiary to the employees of the transferred units.   A payment of Rs.13.91 lakhs was required to be made to the subsidiary as a contractual  liability arising out of this term.

4.

The   assessee   claimed   in   the   assessment   proceedings   both these payments (i.e. Rs.15.23 lakhs and Rs.13.91 lakhs) as allowable expenditure.  The ITO disallowed the claim of the sum of Rs.15.23 lakhs paid under the scheme of voluntary retirement on the ground that the same was ex­gratia in nature and, according to him,  even on the principle of commercial expediency, the payment was not justified.   Besides, the ITO observed that the payment was made to the employees of the unit, which   was   closed.     Insofar   as   the   payment   of   Rs.13.91   lakhs   was concerned, the ITO observed that the event of transfer of business was not incidental   to   the   carrying   on   of   the   business   but   an   extra­ordinary happening which did not constitute the  Assessee's business.  The ITO, in 2 of 13 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 sg 3/13 itr104-99.doc the premises, did not allow the amount of Rs.13.91 lakhs as business expenditure.

5.

When  the matter went  to  the C.I.T.  (Appeals), the C.I.T. (Appeals) was of the opinion that the disallowance of Rs.15.23 lakhs was not in order.  He held that this payment, which was made in terms of an agreement with a recognised union, resulted in reduction of a lot of surplus employees in the Mazgaon unit and such retrenchment facilitated carrying on of the Assessee's business smoothly and was thus a matter of commercial expediency.   The C.I.T. (Appeals) negatived the Revenue's contention   concerning     the   payment   being   occasioned   by   a   closure, observing that the Assessee continued to carry on its flour milling business even after the transfer of the two units.  The C.I.T. (Appeals) also allowed the claim of Rs.13.91 lakhs towards the retrenchment compensation paid to the employees of transferred units.     He held   that the units were transferred to a wholly owned subsidiary and at the time of transfer it was agreed   that   the   Applicant   would   be   liable     to   pay   retrenchment compensation and other retirement benefits attributable to the services of the employees with the Assessee upto the date of transfer; that it was clear that the expenditure incurred in pursuance of this agreement was to facilitate the carrying on of the business without any hindrance.   The C.I.T. (Appeals), accordingly, deleted the addition.

6.

The   Revenue   carried   the   matter   in   appeal   before   the Tribunal. The Tribunal agreed with the conclusion of the C.I.T. (Appeals) insofar as the payment of Rs.15.23 lakhs made by the Assessee to its own employees was concerned as unexceptionable.   The Tribunal, however, held that the payment of Rs.13.91 lakhs stood on a different footing. 3 of 13 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 sg 4/13 itr104-99.doc According to the Tribunal, that was a payment made by the Assessee, after the unit was transferred.  It held that the retrenchment compensation that was paid subsequent to the transfer, though referable to the services rendered by the recipients  to the Assessee,  cannot be considered as an expenditure   laid   out   wholly   and   exclusively   for   the   purpose   of   the Assessee's own business.  It held that at the time the transfer was effected, the retrenchment compensation was in the realm of a remote possibility. The   liability   by   way   of   such   compensation   could   not   have   been ascertained or quantified and, in the premises, the amount was not laid out for the purpose of business.

7.

In   these   premises,   the   central   question   that   we   need   to consider in this Reference is whether or not the expenditure of Rs.13.91 lakhs claimed by the Assessee is an amount laid out or expended  wholly and exclusively for the purpose of its business within the meaning of Section 37 of the Income Tax Act, 1961. The thrust of the Tribunal's order rejecting this expenditure is that this expenditure incurred by the Assessee   benefited   another   company   and  could  not   be   considered   as incurred for the Assessee's own business;  that it was not necessary for the Assessee to bear it.

8.

We need to first address ourselves to the question as to what is meant by the expression “wholly and exclusively” used in Section 37. Does it mean “necessarily” or does it include any expenditure incurred in the course of its business by the Assessee voluntarily and without any necessity.     In   the   case   of  Sassoon   J.   David   and   Co.   P.   Ltd.   vs. Commissioner   of   Income­Tax,   Bombay1,   the   Supreme   Court   has 1 1979 (Vol.118) ITR 261 4 of 13 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 sg 5/13 itr104-99.doc answered this question in the context of a similar phrase used in Section 10(2)(xv) of the Income Tax Act, 1922, which is in  pari materia  with Section 37 of the present Act.  The Court held that the expression “wholly and   exclusively”   does   not   mean   “necessarily”.   The   Court   considered Commissioner of Income Tax, Bombay City­33. The Division Bench in that case observed that the decided cases show that one has not got to take an abstract or academic view of what is proper expenditure laid out and expended wholly and exclusively for the purposes of one's business; One   has   got   to   take   into   consideration   questions   of   commercial 2 [1962] Supp. 2 SCR 211; [1962] 44 ITR 551 (SC) 3 1950(28)ITR 460 5 of 13 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 sg 6/13 itr104-99.doc following observations :­ “.... It was made clear in the above cited cases .. that a sum of money expended, not of necessity and with a view  to a direct and immediate benefit to the trade, but voluntarily and on  the grounds of commercial expediency, and in order indirectly to facilitate the carrying  on of  the  business,  may  yet be expended   wholly  and exclusively for the purposes of the trade.”

9.

Now, in the light of this statement of law, one has to consider whether  the  expenditure of  Rs.13.91  lakhs  in  the  present  case is  an amount laid out or expended wholly and exclusively for the purposes of business.     It   is   borne   out   on   record   that   during   the   year   under consideration and for the past three years, the Assessee was in the grip of a serious labour trouble, with plenty of litigations pending under the Industrial Disputes Act before various Labour Courts and Tribunals.   In the light of these circumstances, the Assessee thought it  fit to hive off its two undertakings, referred to above,   to the another company, namely, M/s. Volvis Floor Mills Pvt. Ltd.,  which was a wholly owned subsidiary of the Assessee.  The rationale of this decision is explained in the agreement for transfer entered into between the Assessee and Volvis.  The agreement recites that the transfer is with a view to reorganise the manufacturing business   activities   of   the   vendor   and   so   as   to   run   and   operate   the 4 [1926] A.C. 205; 85 L.J.K.B. 336 6 of 13 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 sg 7/13 itr104-99.doc remaining units in Bombay (referred to as A Mills) and Goa  as separate units under a separate corporate existence and for better administration and control of these  two  units.   Transfer of other  units would have entailed, under Section 25FF of the Industrial Disputes Act, payment of retrenchment compensation to the employees of the units  proposed to be transferred.  Such payment could have been avoided only if there was an agreement between the parties,  including the concerned employees, for continuity of their services with the transferee company. Therefore, with a view to ensure that the retrenchment compensation is not required to be paid at the date of transfer, the Assessee  provided for a stipulation in the transfer   agreement   that   the   services   of   the   employees   shall   not   be interrupted by the transfer and the transferee shall be liable to continue the   employees   in  the   latter's  employment   with  all  obligations   to   pay wages, emoluments and benefits, including benefits in respect of gratuity, retrenchment compensation, provident fund and retirement benefits, if any.     As   a   condition   for   taking   over   these   obligations,   which   were otherwise   the   obligations   of   the   transferor   company,   the   transferee company insisted on a condition that in case the transferee was at any time   required   to   pay   any   amount   by   way   of   gratuity,   retirement compensation   or   any   other   benefit   to   the   concerned   employees,   the transferee   shall   be   entitled   to   claim   reimbursement   thereof   from   the Vendor   Assessee.   The   relevant   clause   in   this   behalf   in   the   transfer agreement is quoted below :­ “11(c) Notwithstanding   anything   to   the   contrary   herein contained,   it   is   agreed   that   as   between   the   Vendor   and   the Purchaser (but not vis a vis the Employees) the obligations to pay gratuity, retirement compensation and other retirement benefits to     the   employees   as   compared   for   the   period   upto   30th 7 of 13 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 sg 8/13 itr104-99.doc November, 1979 shall be paid by the Vendor as its own business liability or outgoing and in case the  Purchaser will hereafter pay such amount to any of the concerned employees, the Purchaser shall   be   entitled   to   claim   reimbursement   thereof   from   the Vendor.”

10.

This   agreement   to   reimburse   the   transferee   company   in respect of the payment attributable to the employees' services with the Assessee Company as of the date of the transfer, is, to our mind, clearly an agreement   arising   out   of   commercial   expediency.     The   contractual obligation is undertaken by the Assessee Company with a view to conduct its business in a more efficient manner and clearly comes within the dicta referred to above.

11.

The Tribunal disallowed the expenditure on the footing that the amount of Rs.13.91 lakhs was paid as retrenchment compensation subsequent to the transfer and that such payment, as on the date of the transfer, was  in the realm of a remote possibility.  In the first place, the expenditure of Rs.13.91 lakhs is claimed in the year the amount was actually paid and not as of the date of the transfer.  It cannot, accordingly, be described as a contingent liability.   Secondly, and in any event, the amount is paid not by way of retrenchment compensation but by way of discharging its commercial obligations arising under the agreement of transfer   referred   to   above    qua  the   transferee   company.     It   is   not, therefore, relevant to consider whether any retrenchment compensation per se was payable on the date of transfer or that any such compensation was a remote possibility.   The payment is clearly   in discharge of a contractual   obligation   undertaken   by   the   Assessee   on   account   of   its business expediency. 8 of 13 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 sg 9/13 itr104-99.doc

12.

One of the grounds for disallowing the expenditure was the transfer of the unit or cessation of its business in the light of the law laid down by the Supreme Court in the case of Commissioner of Income­Tax, purpose of “carrying on” the business; that where accounts are maintained on the mercantile system, if the liability to make the payment has arisen during   the   time   the   business   is   carried   on,   it   may   appropriately   be regarded as expenditure; but where the liability is, during the whole of the period that the business is carried on, wholly contingent and does not raise any definite obligation during the time the business is carried on, it cannot fall within the expression “expenditure laid out or extended wholly and exclusively” for the purpose of the business.  The argument, which appears to have weighed with the Tribunal, seems to be that the liability to pay retrenchment compensation was contingent and did not arise when the   “business   of   the   (transferred)   unit”   was   being  carried  on   by   the Assessee;  and any commitment to pay retrenchment compensation after such transfer, even if it be under a contract, cannot be for the purpose of the business.  There is an inherent flaw in the reasoning of the Tribunal. 5 1967 [Vol. LXV] ITR 643 9 of 13 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 sg 10/13 itr104-99.doc of   Income   Tax,   M.P.­I6. That   was   a   case   where   retrenchment compensation was paid to employees upon closure of one of the two theatres owned by the assessee.   The Court held that discontinuance of business   at   one   theatre   did   not   amount   to   closure   of   business   and distinguished  Gemini Cashew Sales Corporation  on that basis.   The relevant observations of the court are quoted below : “Now, if there is no closure of the business of exhibition of films by the assessee during the relevant assessment year, the liability of the assessee to pay retrenchment compensation   on   account   of   discontinuance   of   its business at one theatre, cannot be held to be a liability arising on account of closure of its business.  The decision in CIT v. Gemini Cashew Sales Corporation [1967] 65 ITR 643 (SC), relied upon by the Tribunal and that  in Venkatesa   Colour   Works   v.   CIT   [1977]   108   ITR   309 (Mad),   relied   upon   by   the   learned   counsel   for   the 6 1983 [Vol.143] ITR 300 10 of 13 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 sg 11/13 itr104-99.doc Department are, therefore, distinguishable on facts.   In these   cases,   the   liability   to   pay   retrenchment compensation   had     arisen   on   account   of   transfer   or closure of the business carried on by the  assessee and it was, therefore, held that the liability arose not in the carrying on of the business of the assessee, but after the closure of the   business.   As already observed, in the instant case, the discontinuance   of its business by the assessee at one of its theatres did not result in a  closure of that business by the assessee.  Once this conclusion is reached,   it   must   be     held   that   the   Tribunal   wrongly disallowed   the   deduction   claimed   by   the   assessee   on account of retrenchment compensation paid  by it to its employees, employed at one of its theatres.”

13.

The Tribunal appears to have heavily relied on the decision of our Court in the case of CIT Bombay City­I vs. W.T. Suren & Co. Ltd.7 Our Court in that case was concerned with payment of gratuity made consequent to a transfer of business.   The Assessee in that case was a wholly owned subsidiary of  the transferee company.  At the date of the transfer, an option was given to the employees of the transferor company (i.e.   the   assessee)   either   to   accept   employment   with   the   transferee company   or   accept   terminal   benefits,   including   gratuity   from   the transferor company as at the date of the transfer.  Apart from the payment of such gratuity to the employees opting for the latter option, a sum of Rs.4.10 lakhs was paid to the transferee company towards the amount of gratuity, which would have been payable to the staff of the assessee, if they had retired on the date of the transfer.   Our Court considered the character and nature of this payment.  The Court held that by virtue of the fact that the employees had been taken over by the transferee company with the benefit of employment on and from the date of transfer, strictly 7 1982( Vol. 138) ITR 91 11 of 13 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 sg 12/13 itr104-99.doc speaking with no right  to claim gratuity, it was difficult to see how the payment, which was made by the assessee to the transferee company could be really treated as gratuity.  The Court held that it would be more appropriate to describe the payment as a contribution made voluntarily to the transferee company in order to provide funds to it for payment of gratuity,  which could be claimed by the employees from the transferee company,   though   in   respect   of   the   period   of   employment   with   the assessee company.  The judgment of our Court in Suren & Co. (supra), which held the field as on the date of the Tribunal's order, was later on set Assessee's case here, though in the present case, as we have noted above, we   are   not  really  concerned   with   the   payment   of   gratuity,   but   with payment in accordance with a commercial obligation. 8 1998 [Vol.230] ITR 643 12 of 13 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 sg 13/13 itr104-99.doc

14.

In that view of the matter, we are clearly of the opinion that the payment of Rs.13.91 lakhs made by the Assessee to its subsidiary is an amount expended for the purpose of the business of the Assessee, and is, thus, an admissible deduction.

15.

We, accordingly, answer the question in the negative   in favour of the Applicant Assessee and against the Revenue.  Reference is allowed in the above terms.  No order as to costs. (S.C. GUPTE,J.) (M.S.SANKLECHA,J.) 13 of 13 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

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