SOMAIYA ORGANO CHEMICALS LTD. vs. THE C.I.T.BOMBAY.

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ITR/114/1998HC Bombay30 September 2016Author: HON'BLE SHRI JUSTICE M.S. SANKLECHA, HON'BLE SHRI JUSTICE S.C. GUPTE21 pages
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What did the High Court hold?

The High Court answered the questions as follows: (a) The Court held that there was a clear warrant for proportionately increasing the limit laid down in Section 37(3A) as a result of the increase in the previous year of the applicant-assessee from 12 months to 17 months. The reasoning was based on the principle that subsequent legislation can be used to interpret earlier statutes capable of more than one interpretation, and that the Tenth Schedule introduced in 1987, along with CBDT Circular No. 549 dated 31st October, 1989, indicated that proportionate increases were intended to remove hardship and anomalies when the previous year exceeded twelve months. The Court adopted a reasonable and purposive construction. The question was answered in the negative, in favour of the assessee. (b) The Court held that this question was already decided by a Division Bench of the High Court in Somaiya Organo Chemicals Ltd. vs. CIT in favour of the assessee. Therefore, the question was answered in the negative, in favour of the assessee. (c) The Court held that this question was decided by the High Court in CIT vs. Jhaveri Bros. & Co. Pvt. Ltd. against the assessee and in favour of the Revenue. The question was answered in the affirmative, in favour of the Revenue. (d) The Court held that an insurance claim is an indemnification and must stand on the same footing as the income that would have been realized by the assessee on the sale of the stock-in-trade, as decided by the High Court in CIT vs. Pfizer Ltd. The question was answered in the affirmative, in favour of the Revenue. The reference was disposed of accordingly.

What were the facts?

The assessee, Somaiya Organo-Chemicals Ltd., is challenging the order of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT) for Assessment Year 1980-81. The ITAT had referred four questions of law to the Bombay High Court. The first question concerned the disallowance of advertisement expenses under Section 37(3A) where the assessee's previous year was extended from 12 to 17 months, and the assessee argued for a proportionate increase in the Rs. 40,000 limit. The second question related to the disallowance of Rs. 28,983 transferred to a Storage Fund for Molasses and Alcohol. The third question dealt with the disallowance of interest paid on current accounts under Section 40A(8). The fourth question concerned the taxability of an insurance claim of Rs. 4,17,472 received for loss of stock due to fire.

What were the issues?

The Tribunal had to decide four questions of law: 1. Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the Appellate Tribunal was justified in holding that the limit of Rs. 40,000 laid down in Section 37(3A) of the Income-Tax Act, 1961, could not be proportionately increased because the previous year relevant for the assessment year was seventeen months instead of twelve months? (Question of law turning on Section 37(3A)). 2. Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the Appellate Tribunal was justified in holding that the amount of Rs. 28,983 transferred out of Profit & Loss Account to Storage Fund for Molasses and Alcohol to meet statutory requirements was not an admissible deduction in working out business income? (Question of law turning on Section 37). 3. Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the Appellate Tribunal was justified in holding that the provisions of Section 40A(8) of the Income-Tax Act, 1961, also applied to the accounts of S.K. Somaiya (IND) which were claimed to be current accounts paid in these accounts, the disallowance as laid down in Section 40A(B) of the Act was justified? (Question of law turning on Section 40A(8)). 4. Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the Appellant Tribunal was justified in holding that the insurance claim of Rs. 4,17,472 received from the insurance company on account of loss of stocks-in-trade and other goods due to fire was the assessee's business income liable to tax? (Question of law turning on Section 28). Assessee's Contentions: For Question (a), the assessee argued for a proportionate increase in the Rs. 40,000 limit due to the extended previous year, citing subsequent amendments and CBDT circulars to support a purposive interpretation and resolve ambiguity in favour of the assessee. For Question (b), the assessee relied on a previous High Court decision in their favour. For Question (c), the assessee's counsel accepted that the issue was decided against them by the High Court in CIT vs. Jhaveri Bros. & Co. Pvt. Ltd. For Question (d), the assessee relied on a High Court decision in CIT vs. Pfizer Ltd. Revenue's Contentions: The judgment does not record specific contentions for the Revenue on each question, but the outcome indicates the Revenue's position was upheld on questions (c) and (d), and rejected on questions (a) and (b).

Which sections of the Income-tax Act were involved?

Section 37(3A),Section 37,Section 40A(8),Section 28

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1/21 itr-114-1998

IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY ORDINARY ORIGINAL CIVIL JURISDICTION INCOME TAX REFERNCE NO. 114 OF 1998

Somaiya Organo­Chemicals Ltd., ] Fazalbhoy Building, 45­57, ] M. G.Road, Fort, Bombay 400 023. ] .. Applicant. v/s. The Commissioner of Income Tax ] Bombay City II, Bombay. ] .. Respondent. Mr.   Nishant   Thakkar   with   Ms.   Jasmin   Amalsadvala   and   Mr.   Rajesh Poojary, i/b. Mulla & Mulla, for the Applicant. None for the Respondent. CORAM:  M.S.SANKLECHA, & S.C.GUPTE, JJ. RESERVED ON     : 22nd SEPTEMBER, 2016. PRONOUNCED ON    : 30th SEPTEMBER, 2016 JUDGMENT (Per S. C. GUPTE, J.):­ By this Reference under Section 256(1) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 (“Act”), the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (“Tribunal”) has referred the following questions of law for our opinion: “(a) Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the Appellate Tribunal was justified in holding that the limit of Rs.40,000/­ laid down in Section 37(3A) of the Income Tax Act, 1961,   could   not   be   proportionately   increased   because   the previous year relevant for the assessment year was seventeen months instead of twelve months? S.R.JOSHI CNR No : HCBM020077441988 Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:01:04

2/21 itr-114-1998 (b) Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the Appellate Tribunal was justified in holding that the amount of Rs.28,983/­ transferred out of Profit & Loss Account to Storage Fund for Molasses and Alcohol account to meet with the statutory requirements of Ethyl Alcohol (Price Control) Amendment Order, 1971,   was   not   an   admissible   deduction   in   working   out   the business income? (c) Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the Appellate Tribunal was justified in holding that the provisions of Section 40A(8) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 also applied to the accounts of S.K. Somaiya (IND) which were claimed to be current accounts paid in these accounts, the disallowance as laid down in section 40A(B) of the Act was justified? (d) Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the Appellant Tribunal was justified in holding that the insurance claim of Rs.4,17,472/­ received from the insurance company on account of loss of stocks­in­trade and other goods due to fire was the assessee's business income liable to tax?” 2 This Reference relates to Assessment Year 1980­81. Re: Question (a):­ 3 Question (a) relates to disallowance of certain advertisement expenses under Section 37 (3­A) of the Act. The short controversy may be stated thus:­ (i) Section 37 of the Act generally deals with expenditure laid out or incurred wholly and exclusively for the purpose of business or profession which is allowed as a deduction while computing income chargeable to tax under the head  'profit and gains of business or profession'. Expenses incurred by an assessee on advertisement, publicity and sales promotion would accordingly  be  allowed  as  deduction   whilst   computing  income S.R.JOSHI Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:01:04

3/21 itr-114-1998 under this Section. (ii) Section 37 was amended in the previous year relevant to A. Y. 1980­81  inter alia  by introduction of Sub­section (3­A) therein, which provided for a limit of expenditure on advertisement etc. beyond which portions of such expenditure, were to be disallowed as provided therein. Sub­section 3­A reads as under:­ “Sub­section 3­A:­Notwithstanding anything contained in sub­section (1), but without prejudice to the provisions of sub­section (2B) or sub­section (3), where the aggregate expenditure incurred by an assessee on advertisement, publicity and sales promotion in India exceeds forty thousand rupees, so much of such aggregate expenditure as is equal to an amount calculated as provided hereunder shall not be allowed as a deduction, namely:­

(i) Where   such   aggregate   expenditure   does not exceed 4 per cent of the turnover, or as the case may be, gross receipts of the business or profession 10   per   cent   of   the adjusted expenditure; (ii) Where such aggregate expenditure exceeds ¼ per cent but does not exceed ½ per cent of the turnover or,as the  case may  be, gross receipts of the business or profession 12   ½   per   cent   of   the adjusted expenditure; (iii) Where such aggregate expenditure exceeds ½ per cent of the turnover or, as the case may be, gross receipts of the business or profession 15   per   cent   of   the adjusted expenditure. (iii) The Assessee is a limited company. For Assessment Year 1980­81, it applied to the Income Tax Officer (“ITO”) for change of its previous year. The ITO allowed the application with the result that the previous year of the Assessee got changed from 1st  June, 1978 to 31st  May, 1979 (12 S.R.JOSHI Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:01:04

4/21 itr-114-1998 months) to 1st June, 1978 to 31st October, 1979 (17 months). (iv) The Assessee inter alia claimed before the ITO in the course of the assessment proceedings that the limit for the purpose of disallowance under Section 37 (3­A) of the Act should be increased proportionately from Rs.40,000/­ to Rs.56,660/­, taking into account the fact that the previous year was increased from 12 months to 17 months; and that after increasing the limit thus and applying the provisions of Sub­section 3­A of the Act on the basis of such limit, no portion of the advertisement and publicity expenses should be disallowed under Section 37(3­A) of the Act. (v) The Assessing Officer did not accept the contention of the Assessee. He applied the limit of Rs.40,000/­ to the previous year consisting of 17 months and disallowed 10% of the expenditure in excess over the limit of Rs.40,000/­, resulting in disallowance of Rs.4,522/­. (vi) In Appeal, the Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals) [“CIT(A)”] held that there was no provision in the Act for proportionate increase of allowances,   when   the   previous   year   was   increased   to   more   than   12 months. On that basis, the Assessee's appeal was rejected by CIT(A). (vii) The   matter   was   carried   by   the   Assessee   in   appeal   before   the Tribunal. The Tribunal rejected the appeal, holding that Section 37 (3­A), as it then stood, spoke of the expenses on advertisement, publicity and sales promotion exceeding Rs.40,000/­ for any previous year; that it was irrelevant whether the previous year consisted of only one month or more than 12 months. S.R.JOSHI Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:01:04

5/21 itr-114-1998 4 At the outset, it is important to note that the definition of “previous year”, as applicable at the relevant time, inter alia provides for different previous years in terms of clauses (a) to (g) of Sub­section (1) of Section 3 of the Act. Sub­section (4)  inter alia  provides for a case of change or variation of the previous year. Under this Sub­section, the Assessee, having once been assessed on the basis of, or exercised his option of choosing, his previous year, is not entitled to vary the meaning of the “previous year” as applicable to him except with the consent of the ITO and upon such conditions as the ITO may think fit to impose. In this case, admittedly, the ITO has permitted the Assessee to vary the previous year from the period of 12 months to the period of 17 months preceding the particular Assessment Year without any particular conditions. The question is, whether by reason of this change, the limit of expenditure incurred on advertisement, publicity and sales promotion, which can be said to be fixed for a previous year ordinarily consisting of 12 months, should be proportionately increased. 5 Mr.   Thakkar,   learned   Counsel   for   the   Applicant­Assessee, submits that it should be so increased. He submits that whilst interpreting any particular provision of a statute, one must look at the other provisions in the statute for harmonious construction. He submits that if the statute contains any  ambiguity,  such ambiguity must be resolved in favour of the Assessee. He argues that it is permissible to take into account not only circulars issued by the Central Board of Direct Taxes, but also subsequent amendments in law for the purposes of such interpretation. Relying on the S.R.JOSHI Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:01:04

6/21 itr-114-1998 amendments introduced in the law subsequently in the year 1989 and also a circular issued by the Board in this behalf, Counsel would contend that the particular ambiguity in the provisions of law has been recognized by the legislature as also the resultant hardship, for which a remedy has been specifically   provided. It is submitted that this remedy must be applied retrospectively to the statute within the permitted cannons of statutory interpretation. Learned Counsel relies on cases of  K. P. Varghese v/s. ITO1, CIT v/s. J. H. Gotla2, CIT v/s. Gwalior Rayon Silk Manufacturing Co.3,   CIT   v/s.   Shri   Ram   Honda   Power   Equip4  in   support   of   his submissions. 6 A plain reading of Sub­section (3­A) of Section 37 of the Act makes it clear that it refers to the aggregate expenditure incurred by the Assessee on advertisement, publicity and sales promotion. If the previous year of the Assessee consists of 17 months, it would refer to the  aggregate expenditure incurred by the Assessee on these items over the period of 17 months. This is clear also from the formula of deduction laid down in Sub­ section (3­A). If the aggregate expenditure over 17 months is to be taken into account or the formula for working out the disallowance is to be applied on that basis, there is no reason why the limit of Rs.40,000/­ should not be proportionately increased to cover the entire period of 17 months.   What   is   necessary   to   consider,   however,   is   whether   such interpretation, which accords with plain reason, ought to be applied in the present case, particularly considering that we are concerned here with a taxing statute. 1 131 ITR 597 2 156 ITR 323 3 196 ITR 149 4 289 ITR 475 S.R.JOSHI Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:01:04

7/21 itr-114-1998 7 In K. P. Varghese (supra), the Supreme Court was concerned with Section 52 of the Income Tax Act, as it then applied, which provided for fair market value of a capital asset to be taken into account for computing   capital   gain,   in   cases  of   under­statement   of  consideration. Under Sub­section (1), where a person acquired a capital asset from an Assessee and the ITO had reason to believe that the transfer was effected with the object of avoidance or reduction of the liability of the Assessee for payment of capital gains tax, the consideration for such transfer could be taken to be the fair market value of the capital asset as on the date of the transfer. Sub­section (2) had a deeming provision which provided that if in the opinion of the ITO, the fair market value of the capital asset transferred by the Assessee as on the date of the transfer exceeds the full value of the consideration declared by the Assessee by an amount of not less than 15% of the value so declared, the value of the consideration of the capital asset shall be taken to be its fair market value on the date of its transfer. The question before the Court was, whether the condition for applicability of Sub­section (2) was attracted in the case of an honest and bona fide  transaction where the consideration received by the Assessee had been correctly declared by him.  The argument of the Revenue was that the Sub­section simply required excess of the fair market value of the asset on the date of the transfer by not less than 15% over the value of consideration declared by the Assessee; once such excess was found by the Assessing Officer, the deeming provision had to be applied. On the other hand, it was contended by the Assessee that a further condition of under­ statement of consideration in respect of the transfer would have to be read   into   the   statutory  provision.   Whilst   analysing   the   provision,   the S.R.JOSHI Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:01:04

8/21 itr-114-1998 Supreme Court observed that the task of interpretation of a statutory enactment was not a mechanical task; it was an attempt to discover the intent of the legislature from the language used by it; and the language being at best an imperfect instrument for expression of human thought, the statute would have to be interpreted having regard to the purpose or object   which   the   statute   sought   to   accomplish.   If   a   strictly   literal interpretation of the statute led to a manifestly unreasonable and absurd consequence, the literal interpretation would have to make way for a reasonable interpretation which avoids such absurdity and mischief and makes the provision rational and sensible, and in accordance with the object and purpose of the statute, even if such interpretation results into doing of “some violence” to the language used by legislature. There is, of course, one caveat, and that is, if the Court's “hands are tied”, it “cannot find any escape from the tyranny of literal interpretation”. Only in such extreme cases, which would arise when the plain meaning of the provision is so clear as not to admit of any other interpretation, the Court cannot apply   this   rule   of   reasonable   interpretation.   The   observations   of   the Supreme Court are quoted hereinbelow: “ Now, on these provisions the question arises as to what is the true interpretation of s.52 sub­s.(2). The argument of the revenue was, and this argument found favour with the majority judges   of   the   Full   Bench,   that   on   a   plain   and   natural construction   of   the   language   of   s.52,   sub­s.(2),   the   only condition for attracting the applicability of that provision was that the fair market value of the capital asset transferred by the assessee as on the date of the transfer exceeded the full value of the   consideration   declared   by   the   assessee   in   respect   of   the transfer by an amount of not less than 15% of the value so declared. Once the ITO is satisfied that this condition exists, can proceed to invoke the provision in s. 52, sub­s.(2), and take the S.R.JOSHI Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:01:04

9/21 itr-114-1998 fair market value of the capital asset transferred by the assessee as on the date of the transfer as representing the full value of the consideration for the transfer of the capital asset and complete the capital gains on that basis. No more is necessary to be proved,   contended   the   revenue.   To   introduce   any   further condition such as under­statement of consideration in respect of the   transfer   would   be   to   read   into   the   statutory   provision something which is not there; indeed, it would amount to re­ writing the section. This argument was based on a strictly literal reading   of   s.   52,sub­s.   (2),   but   we   do   not   think   such   a construction   can   be   accepted.   It   ignores   several   vital considerations which must always be borne in mind when we are interpreting a statutory provision. The task of interpretation of a statutory enactment is not a mechanical task. It is more than   a   mere   reading   of   mathematical   formula   because   few words possess the precision Legislature from the language used by it and it must always be remembered that language is at best an imperfect instrument for the expression of human thoughts and, as pointed out by Lord Denning, it would be idle to expect every statutory provision to the “drafted with divine prescience and perfect clarity”. We can do no better than repeat the famous words of judge Learned Hand when he said: “.... it is true that the words used, even in their literal sense, are the primary and ordinarily the most reliable source of interpreting the meaning of the   surest   indexes   of   a   mature   and   developed jurisprudence   not   to   make   a   fortress   out   of   the dictionary; but to remember that statutes always have some purpose or object to accomplish, whose sympathetic and imaginative discovery is the surest guide to their meaning.” We   must   not   adopt   a   strictly   literal interpretation   of   s.   52,   sub­s   (2),   but   we   must construe its language having regard to the object and purpose   which   the   Legislature   had   in   view   in enacting that provision and in the context of the setting  in   which   it   occurs.   We   cannot   ignore   the context and the collocation of the provisions in which S.R.JOSHI Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:01:04

10/21 itr-114-1998 s.52, sub­s. (2), appears because, as pointed out by judge Learned Hand in the most felicitous language: “.... the meaning of a sentence may be more than that of the separate words, as a melody is more than the notes, and no degree of particularity can ever obviate recourse to the setting in which all appear, and which all collectively create.” Keeping these observations in mind we may now approach the construction of s. 52, sub­s. (2). The primary objection against the literal construction of s. 52, sub­s. (2), is that it leads to manifestly unreasonable and absurd   consequences.   It   is   true   that   the   consequences   of   a suggested construction cannot alter the meaning of a statutory provision but it can certainly help to fix its meaning. It is a well­ recognised rule of construction that a statutory provision must be so construed, if possible, that absurdity and mischief may be avoided.   There   are   many   situations   where   the   construction suggested   on   behalf   of   the   revenue   would   lead   to   a   wholly unreasonable result which could never have been intended by the Legislature”. “.... We   must,   therefore,   eschew   literalness   in   the interpretation   of   s.52,   sub­s.(2)   and   try   to   arrive   at   an interpretation   which   avoids   this   absurdity   and   mischief   and makes the provision rational and sensible, unless of course, our hands are tied and we cannot find any escape from the tyranny of  the  literal   interpretation.  It  is   now  a   well­settled   rule   of construction   that   where   the   plain   literal   interpretation   of   a statutory provision produces a manifestly absurd and unjust

result which could never have been intended by the Legislature, the court may modify the language used by the Legislature or even “do some  violence” to  it,  so as  to  achieve the  obvious intention of the Legislature and produce a rational construction: Vide Luke v. IRC [1963] AC 557; [1964] 54 ITR 692. The court may also in such a case read into the statutory provision a condition which, though not expressed, is implicit as constituting the basic assumption underlying the statutory provision. We S.R.JOSHI Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:01:04

11/21 itr-114-1998 think   that,   having   regard   to   this   well­recognized   rule   of interpretation, a fair and reasonable construction of s.52, sub­s. (2), would be read into it a condition that it would apply only where the consideration for the transfer is understated or, in other   words,   the   assessee   has   actually   received   a   larger consideration   for   the   transfer   than   what   is   declared   in   the instrument of transfer and it would have no application in the case  of  a  bona  fide  transaction  where  the  full  value  of the consideration   for   the   transfer   is   correctly   declared   by   the assessee.” To the same effect, are the judgments of the Supreme Court in the cases of  Gwalior Rayon Silk Manufacturing Co.  (supra)  and J. H.Gotla (supra). 8 Having regard to the statement of law quoted above, we may now construe Section 37(3­A), and consider particularly as to whether the limit of Rs.40,000/­ provided under Sub­section (3­A) ought to be increased proportionately. The definition of “previous year” (Section 3, as then applicable) makes it clear that ordinarily a previous year implies a period of 12 months preceding the assessment year. The only exceptions are to be found in cases of newly set up businesses or professions and alterations made in the previous year with the permission of the ITO or according to the directions of the Board.  In the case of a newly set up business or profession, the previous year may comprise of the period beginning with the setting up of the business or profession and ending with the financial year preceding the assessment year (or ending with the date within such financial year upto which the accounts of the assessee have been made up) which may be different from 12 months. So also, in the case of a determination by the Board under clause (c) of Sub­section (1) of Section 3 or permission by the ITO under Sub­section (4) of Section S.R.JOSHI Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:01:04

12/21 itr-114-1998 3, the period of “previous year” could be different from 12 months. It may be more than 12 months or less than 12 months. Barring these exceptions in all cases, the “previous year” would be a period of 12 months. The limit of Rs.40,000/­ provided in Sub­section (3­A) can be said to be fixed keeping this ordinary period of 12 months in mind.   In the exceptional cases referred to above, if the previous year is altered, either reduced or extended from the period of 12 months, the limit of Rs.40,000/­ will have to   be   proportionately   reduced   or   extended,   just   as   the   aggregate expenditure would get reduced or extended, depending on the period over which it is to be applied. That would be in keeping with the object and purpose of the provision and any other interpretation would lead to unreasonable and absurd consequences as pointed out below. 9 The object and purpose of the limit provided in Sub­section (3­A) are to restrict wasteful expenditure on advertisement, publicity and sales promotion at the cost of the Exchequer. Explanatory Notes to the provisions relating to direct taxes in the Finance Act, 1978, to be found in Circular No.240 dated 17 May 1978, explain the object of introduction of Sub­section (3­A) in the following words: “In order to place a curb on extravagant and specially wasteful expenditure on advertisement, publicity and sales promotion at the cost of the Exchequer, the Finance Act has inserted new Sub­section (3­A) in Section 37 of the Act for disallowance of a part of such expenditure in the computation of taxable profits.” If that is the object or purpose of the law, the limit of expenditure provided thereunder must have a relation to the period over which such expenditure is to be computed. It makes scarce sense to stipulate such limit without reference to the length of the period over which the limit needs to be applied. Sub­ S.R.JOSHI Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:01:04

13/21 itr-114-1998 section (3­A) itself does not provide for any particular length; it is to be applied for the whole of the previous year. The previous year, as we have seen   above,   may   mean   12   months   (which   is   ordinarily   the   case)   or anything between one day to less than two years (which is an exceptional case, as we have noted above). Can it possibly be suggested that the measure of the limit, namely, Rs.40,000/­, should be the same whether the previous year includes one month or twenty three months. The answer is obviously in the negative. Absurd consequences would follow, if it were in the positive, which cannot be said to be intended by the legislature, for in that case Rs.40,000/­ spent over one month would not be termed as extravagant or wasteful, whereas   Rs.40,000/­ spent over twenty three months would be treated as  extravagant  and wasteful. The reasonable interpretation to be applied, on the principle of law stated in the cases of K. P. Varghese and others would be to hold that the limit is to be applied to a period of 12 months, and increased or reduced proportionately to the length of the previous year, if such year is other than 12 months. 10 This interpretation also accords with the rest of the Sub­ sections introduced in Section 37 of the Act by the subject amendment. For example, Explanation I to Sub­section (3­B) (which gives relief in respect   of   advertisement   in   small   newspapers)   requires   the   average circulation of the newspaper to be calculated for the year in which the advertisements have been published. The Explanation provides that an advertisement shall be taken to be an advertisement in a small newspaper if the average circulation of the newspaper does not exceed 15,000 copies. The number of copies mentioned as 15,000 will have to be reckoned clearly in relation to one year which would include 12 months. If it is less S.R.JOSHI Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:01:04

14/21 itr-114-1998 than one year, the number of copies will have to be proportionately reduced to consider the relevant average circulation. So also, exemption from any disallowance under Sub­section (3­A) provided in Sub­section (3­D) of the Act must be applied to the whole length of the previous years referred   to   therein   in   respect   of   new   industrial   undertakings.   If   any previous year exceeds 12 months, whatever increased expenditure made over such extended period would be entitled to such  exemption and not expenditure relatable only to 12 months. 11 It is pertinent to note that such construction has been applied to the term “previous year” in the particular context of its length in quite a payable by the assessee under the head “Income from property” in respect of the “bona fide annual value” of the property. The annual value of the property under sub­section (2) was deemed to be the sum for which the property might reasonably be expected to let from year to year. The assessee contended that though in principle 18 months' income could be taken in  one assessment, even so,  in  view of the clear provisions  of Section 9, the chargeable income of the property would be only of 12 months and not 18 months. His contention was that under Section 9, the bona fide annual value of the property was the measure of the assessment and that value was the reasonably expected letting value of the property 5 (1966) 59 ITR 0057 S.R.JOSHI Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:01:04

15/21 itr-114-1998 calculated for 12 months and not 18 months. The court negatived the contention holding that the previous year being of a period of 18 months, the entire income of the period must necessarily be subject to taxation. The Court, in particular, observed as follows : “Normally, the previous year is only of 12 months' duration. But   when   in   the   particular   circumstances,   it   has   been extended to 18 months because the previous year cannot be split up and there can be only one previous year to a given year   of  assessment,   the   full  period  from   the   end  of  the previous year for the preceding year's assessment to the end of   the   new   accounting   date   has   to   be   taken   into consideration. What all S.9 enjoins is that the bona fide annual value of the property shall be the measure of the assessment. The bona fide annual value or in other words the   reasonably   expected   letting   value   for   an   year   of   12 months being the standard for the accounting year of 12 months, total income in this case has to be worked out having   regard   to   the   whole   period   of   eighteen   months included in the accounting or previous year in this case. when the change of the year was allowed subject to certain conditions   which   the   law   permits   the   condition   must necessarily  be  complied  with.   While  levying  the   tax,   the Income tax Officer has not departed from this principle. He has taken the bona fide annual value into account and has determined the total income having regard to the length of that   year   which   is   of   18   months.   The   method   adopted cannot be said to be inconsistent with the provisions S.

9.

Thus, on the question referred to, we are of the view that when the ITO had allowed the change in the previous year as requested on condition that the income of whole period shall be brought to tax in one year and the previous year, as a   result,   for   the   accounting   year   in   question,   covered   a period of more than 12 months, the total income for that period was chargeable to tax at the rates applicable to such total income. Even in relation to tax on property the year in this case being of 18 months be expected letting value of the property for such year would be the measure of assessment S.R.JOSHI Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:01:04

16/21 itr-114-1998 of the income for that year. We are also of opinion that s.9 which provides for levy of tax not on actual but on the notional income of the property and fixes the measure as annual   value   cannot   be   constructed   to   mean   that   even though the previous year may be of a longer period, only 12 months   notional   income   shall   be   taken   into   account   for taxation.” 12 be proportionately increased (i.e. in the proportion of 15 : 12). 13 Court   noted   that   though   the   expression   “previous   year”   substantially meant an accounting  year comprising of a period of 12 months and usually corresponding to a year preceding the year of assessment, the length of the previous year may not necessarily be of 12 calender months in each case. The court held that once the assessee exercises an option by 6 (1987) 66 CTR 0089 7 (1966) 60 ITR 0411 S.R.JOSHI Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:01:04

17/21 itr-114-1998 choosing a previous year, the meaning of the expression “previous year” as applicable to him is determined and cannot be changed except with the consent of the ITO and upon such conditions as the ITO may deem fit to impose. In the particular case before the court, the ITO sanctioned a change in the previous year so as to make it a period of 21 months on the condition that the previous year would consist of the entire period of 21 months commencing on 30 June of the year (up to which the assessee's accounts were last made up) to 31 March of the year (up to which his accounts   were   newly   made   up).   The   court   held   that   this   condition safeguarded the interest of the revenue inasmuch as had the change been sanctioned    on the  footing  that  the  previous   year  of the  assessee  in relation to the current assessment year would be the period of 12 months from 1 April to 31 March, the income of the preceding  9 months, i.e. from 1   July   to   31   March,   would   have   escaped   taxation   altogether.   The assessee's alternative submission that the ITO could accord sanction to the change on the basis that the income for 21 months should be assessed at the rate applicable to the income of the last period of 12 months was also negatived by the court holding that the rate of tax is fixed by the Finance Act for every assessment year and the same is in respect of the income of the previous year. Once the length of the previous year is fixed and the income of the previous year is determined, that income must be charged at the rate specified in the Finance Act and in no other way. 14 There is another reason why the interpretation proposed by us can be said to be in accordance with the intended purpose of the legislature. Section 3 of the Act, which defines “previous year” substituted by   the   Direct   Tax   Laws   (Amendment)   Act,   1987   with   effect   from S.R.JOSHI Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:01:04

18/21 itr-114-1998 1.4.1989, in effect did away with varying meanings of the term “previous year”  and defined it as 'the financial year immediately preceding the assessment year'. In cases of newly set up business or profession, such previous year was to begin with the date of setting up of the business or profession,   as   the   case   may   be,   and   end  with   the   financial   year.   It, however, had a transitionary  provision in relation to the assessment year commencing on the 1st day of April, 1989 (when the new Section came into force) for the assessees who had adopted different previous year/s for earlier assessment years. In case of such assessees, the “previous year” in relation to the assessment year commencing from 1.4.1989 was defined as the period which began with the date immediately following the last day of   their   relevant   previous   year/s   relevant   to   the   assessment   year commencing   on   1.4.1998   and   ending   on   31st  March,   1999. This transitional provision led to the definite possibility of the “previous year” in case of some assessees exceeding the period of twelve months. The legislature realized the hardship that would follow as a sequitur to this extended period, and introduced the tenth schedule in the Act to make special   provisions   for   such   transitional   previous   year,   which   exceeds twelve months. The schedule inter alia  provided for the modification that the reference to various amendments specified in the provisions of the Act set out therein would be “construed as a reference to the said amount or amounts as increased by multiplying each such amount by a fraction of which the numerator is the number of months in the transitional previous year and the denomination is twelve”.  In other words, the amounts and limits which were enacted for the ordinary length of the previous year, i.e. of twelve months, were to be proportionately increased (i.e. in proportion to the increase in the year). Explanatory Notes to these provisions of the S.R.JOSHI Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:01:04

19/21 itr-114-1998 Direct Tax Law (Amendment) Act, 1987, contained in Circular No.549 dated 31st  October, 1989 of C.B.D.T., explained that these amendments were made to remove hardships and anamolies which would result in respect of assessees whose transitional previous year would exceed twelve months. The amendment introduced by the Finance Act in  terms of the tenth schedule indicates two things. Firstly, any increase in the previous year (over twelve months) would result into a hardship or anamoly if the amounts   or   limits   specified   in   the   provisions   of   the   Act   were   not proportionately   increased.   Secondly,   proportionate   increase   in   the amounts was a legitimate relief in such cases. There is no reason why we should not adopt the same approach in dealing with the hardship or anamoly we are faced with in a case like the present. The hardships or anamolies   which   we   have   referred   to   above   in   relation   to   the interpretation of Section 37 (3­A) of the Act, would require us to depart from   a   literal   construction   and   adopt   a   reasonable   and   purposive construction requiring alteration of the limit of Rs.40,000/­ provided in Sub­section (3­A) in proportion to the increase in the previous year. Such Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:01:04

20/21 itr-114-1998 Section   37  (3­A)   as  a  result   of  increase   in  the   previous   year  of  the Applicant­Assessee   from   12   months   to   17   months.   Question   (a)   is, accordingly, answered in the negative, i.e. in favour of the Applicant­ Assessee and against the Revenue. Re : Question (b) : 17 Question (2) deals with disallowance of the amount deducted from the sale proceeds of alcohol and transferred out of the profit & loss Re : Question (c) : 18 This question relates to disallowance of interest paid to the current account of the director under Section 40A(8) of the Act. This 9 ITA 247/2014 decided on 16-8-2016 10 (1994) 117 CTR 0001 S.R.JOSHI Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:01:04

21/21 itr-114-1998 question, it is accepted by the Assessee, is decided by our Court in CIT vs. Jhaveri Bros. & Co. Pvt.Ltd.11 against the Assessee and in favour of the Revenue. Accordingly, Question (3) is answered in the affirmative, i.e. in favour of the Revenue. Re : Question (d) : 19 This   question   concerns   treatment   of   the   insurance   claim received   by   the   Applicant   Assessee   from   the   insurance   company   on account of loss of stocks­in­trade and other goods due to fire as business would have been realized by the assessee on the sale of the stock­in­trade. We, accordingly, answer Question (4) in the affirmative, i.e. in favour of the Revenue and against the Assessee. 20 The Reference is  disposed of  accordingly. No order as to costs. (S.C.GUPTE, J.) (M.S.SANKLECHA, J.) 11 (1995) 126 CTR 0047 12 (2010) 233 CTR 0521 S.R.JOSHI Uploaded on - 21/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 04:01:04 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

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