SINHGAD TECHNICAL EDUCATIOR SOCIETY, vs. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX (CENTRAL) AND ORS
What did the High Court hold?
The High Court held that there was no merit in the challenge to the constitutional validity of Section 12AA(3) as amended by the Finance Act of 2010. The Court reasoned that the amendment, effective from June 1, 2010, specifically empowers the Commissioner to cancel registrations obtained under Section 12A, even if granted prior to the amendment. The Court distinguished the present case from Sedco Forex International Drill Inc. vs. Commissioner of Income Tax, stating that the issue here concerns the power to cancel registration, not the assessment of income. The Court clarified that a statutory provision operating on a past event (like registration under Section 12A) does not necessarily make the provision retrospective, especially when it does not take away vested rights or create new obligations for past actions. The Court also noted that Parliament has plenary powers to enact legislation with retrospective or prospective effect. Regarding the merits, the Court declined to exercise its writ jurisdiction at that stage, stating that the fresh show-cause notice issued on March 11, 2011, under the amended provisions, provides an opportunity for the Petitioner to submit a reply on all grounds. The Court did not express any opinion on the allegations against the Petitioner, leaving their determination to the Commissioner.
What were the facts?
The Sinhagad Technical Education Society (Petitioner) had its registration under Section 12AA of the Income Tax Act, 1961, cancelled by the Commissioner of Income Tax (Central), Pune, on October 9, 2007, effective from Assessment Year 1999-2000. The cancellation was based on allegations of charging capitation fees and donations and diverting funds for personal gain. The Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (Tribunal) set aside this order on September 19, 2008, holding that the Commissioner lacked jurisdiction under Section 12AA(3) as it stood then to cancel registration granted under Section 12A, and the amendment introducing this power was not retrospective. The Revenue appealed this decision. Subsequently, Section 12AA(3) was amended by the Finance Act, 2010, effective June 1, 2010, to allow cancellation of registrations granted under Section 12A. Following this amendment, a fresh show-cause notice was issued to the Petitioner on March 11, 2011.
What were the issues?
1. Whether the provisions of Section 12AA(3) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, as amended by the Finance Act of 2010, which allow for the revocation of registration granted under Section 12A, have retrospective effect, thereby challenging their constitutional validity. Assessee's contention: The Petitioner argued that the power to cancel registration was first introduced by the Finance (No.2) Act of 2004, effective October 1, 2004. Therefore, the amendment by the Finance Act of 2010 cannot operate retrospectively beyond this date. They relied on the Supreme Court judgment in Sedco Forex International Drill Inc. vs. Commissioner of Income Tax. Revenue's contention: The Revenue contended that the amendment by the Finance Act of 2010, effective June 1, 2010, empowers the Commissioner to cancel registrations obtained under Section 12A at any time. They argued that this amendment creates a regulatory framework and does not take away vested rights or create new obligations for past actions, thus not being retrospective in operation.
Which sections of the Income-tax Act were involved?
AI-generated summary — verify with the full judgment below
Cause title — parties, addresses and appearances
ORAL JUDGMENT (PER DR.D.Y.CHANDRACHUD, J.) : A notice was issued to the Petitioner under Subsection (3) of Section 12AA of the Income Tax Act, 1961, on 31 July 2007 for cancellation of the registration granted to the Petitioner, principally on the ground that the Petitioner, by charging capitation fees and donations in respect of admissions and by diverting them for personal gain to trustees, has ceased to carry on the activities of the Trust in accordance with the objects of the Trust. The registration was proposed to be withdrawn with effect from Assessment Year CNR No : HCBM010118692011 Uploaded on - 22/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 03:22:04
VBC 2 wp2545.111.2 19992000. 2. The proceedings which were initiated pursuant to the notice to show cause culminated in an order of the Commissioner of Income Tax (Central), Pune dated 9 October 2007, cancelling the registration under Section 12AA(3). The order of cancellation was challenged in appeal before the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal. The Tribunal by its judgment dated 19 September 2008 came to the conclusion that under Section 12AA(3), as it then stood, where a trust or an institution had been granted registration under clause (b) of sub section (1) thereof, the Commissioner was empowered to pass an order cancelling registration on certain specific grounds. The Tribunal held that the Section did not empower the Commissioner of Income Tax to cancel or withdraw a registration which was granted under Section 12A. In the present case, since the registration had been granted to the Petitioner under Section 12A, the Tribunal held that there was an absence of jurisdiction. The Tribunal held that the provisions of subSection (3) which were brought on the statute book Uploaded on - 22/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 03:22:04
VBC 3 wp2545.111.2 with effect from 1 October 2004 by the Finance (No.2) Act, 2004 could not have retrospective effect. Consequently, the order of the Commissioner of Income Tax was set aside. The Revenue has filed an appeal against the decision of the Tribunal, which has been admitted by a Division Bench of this Court on 10 June 2009. 3. Section 12AA(3) has since been amended by the Finance Act of 2010 with effect from 1 June 2010. As amended, the provisions reads as follows: “(3) Where a trust or an institution has been granted registration under clause (b) of sub section (1) or has obtained registration at any time under section 12A as it stood before its amendment by the Finance (No.2) Act, 1996 (33 of 1996) and subsequently the Commissioner is satisfied that the activities of such trust or institution are not genuine or are not being carried out in accordance with the objects of the trust or institution, as the case may be, he shall pass an order in writing cancelling the registration of such trust or institution: Provided that no order under this subsection shall be passed unless such trust or institution has been given a reasonable opportunity of being heard.” (emphasis supplied). Uploaded on - 22/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 03:22:04
VBC 4 wp2545.111.2 Following the amendment, the Commissioner of Income Tax has issued a fresh notice to show cause on 11 March 2011. The notice recites that in view of the amended provision of subSection (3) of Section 12AA, which were brought into force with effect from 1 June 2010, it is now provided that registration granted under Section 12A can also be cancelled by the Commissioner. The Commissioner has proposed to invoke his powers under the amended provisions of Section 12AA(3) and to cancel registration of the Petitioner for the reasons mentioned in his order dated 9 October 2007. 4. In these proceedings under Article 226 of the Constitution, there is a challenge to the constitutional validity of the provisions of subsection (3) of Section 12AA as amended by the Finance Act of 2010 with effect from 1 June 2010 to the extent that they provide for revocation of a registration granted under Section 12A. The submission of the Petitioner is that the power to cancel a registration was first brought on the statute book by inserting subSection (3) into Section 12AA by the Finance (No.2) Act of 2004 with effect from 1 Uploaded on - 22/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 03:22:04
VBC 5 wp2545.111.2 October 2004. Hence, it is submitted that the amendment which has been inserted by the Finance Act of 2010 cannot go behind the insertion of subsection (3) with effect from 1 October 2004. Reliance is sought to be placed on the judgment of the Supreme Court in Sedco Forex International Drill Inc.vs. Commissioner of Income Tax.1
There is no merit in the challenge to the constitutional validity of the provision. As a result of the amendment, which has been brought about by the Finance Act of 2010, Subsection (3) of Section 12AA has been amended specifically to empower the Commissioner to cancel a registration obtained under Section 12A as it stood prior to its amendment by the Finance (No.2) Act, 1996. Sub Section (3) was inserted into the provisions of Section 12AA by the Finance (No.2) Act, 2004 with effect from 1 October 2004. As it originally stood, under subsection (3), a power to cancel registration was conferred upon the Commissioner where a trust or an institution 1 (2005) 279 ITR 310 (SC) Uploaded on - 22/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 03:22:04
VBC 6 wp2545.111.2 had been granted registration under clause (b) of subsection (1) of Section 12AA. The Commissioner, after satisfying himself that the objects of the trust or an institution are not genuine or are not being carried out in accordance with the objects of the trust or institution, as the case may be, was vested with the power to pass an order in writing cancelling the registration of such trust or institution. By the Finance Act of 2010, subsection (3) was amended so as to empower the Commissioner to cancel the registration of a trust or an institution which has obtained registration at any time under Section 12A (as it stood before its amendment by the Finance (No.2) Act, 1996). As a
result of the amendment, a regulatory framework is now sought to be put in place so as to cover also a trust or an institution which has obtained registration under Section 12A as it stood prior to its amendment in 1996. Every statutory provision which operates in respect of a trust, which has already been registered in the past does not have a retrospective character. A law which operates with respect to an event which has occurred in the past is not necessarily retrospective. A provision is retrospective when it takes away a right Uploaded on - 22/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 03:22:04
VBC 7 wp2545.111.2 which has vested or accrued in the past. The effect of the provision is to empower the Commissioner to cancel the registration of a trust where he is satisfied that the activities of the trust are not genuine or are not being carried out in accordance with the objects of the trust or institution. This cannot by any stretch of imagination, be regarded as a retrospective alteration of the law. In any event, Parliament has plenary powers as a legislative body to enact legislation either with retrospective or prospective effect subject only to the requirement that such legislation should not offend the provisions of Part III of the Constitution. Empowering the Commissioner to cancel the registration of a trust or institution on the ground that the activities of the trust or institution are not genuine or are not being carried out in accordance with the objects of the trust or institution cannot be construed as a conferment of arbitrary power. Where a benefit is granted by the legislature, whether by way of an exemption or otherwise, the legislature is entitled to ensure that the benefit conferred by the statute is utilized only for the purpose for which it is conferred. A provision enacted for the withdrawal of the benefit conferred for Uploaded on - 22/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 03:22:04
VBC 8 wp2545.111.2 breach of the underlying purpose cannot be regarded as arbitrary. The power is carefully structured by the requirements which are specified by the legislature in subsection (3) including observance of the principles of natural justice. A cancellation of registration under subsection (3) of Section 12AA is subject to an appeal before the Tribunal under Section 253(1)(c). A judicial remedy is available against a cancellation of registration.
In our view, the decision in Sedco Forex (supra) is inapplicable to the facts of the present case. The issue involved in Sedco Forex was whether the substituted explanation to Section 9(1) (ii), brought in by the Finance Act, 1999 was retrospective in nature. The Finance Act, 1999 specifically provided that the substituted explanation would come into effect from 1 April 2000. In the above case, it was contended by the appellant that the explanation would not apply while assessing income for the years 199293 and 199394. The Supreme Court observed that the High Court had while Uploaded on - 22/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 03:22:04
VBC 9 wp2545.111.2 dealing with the appeal from the decision of the Tribunal purported to give retrospective effect to the explanation introduced in 1999. This according to the Supreme court was not permissible as the explanation had not come into effect during the assessment years in question. The Supreme Court further held that a cardinal principle of tax Law is that the law to be applied is that which is in force during the relevant assessment years unless otherwise provided expressly or by necessary implication. In that view it was held that the explanation was not retrospective.
In the present case, the issue is not with regard to the assessment of income of the petitioners as in the case of Sedco Forex (supra). The issue in this case is with regard to the power to cancel registration of the trust under Section 12AA in view of the amendment to sub section (3) to Section 12AA brought about with effect from 1 June 2010. The amendment to Sub Section 3 of Section 12AA empowers the Commissioner to cancel the registration of a trust which has been obtained at any time under Section 12A . The Uploaded on - 22/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 03:22:04
VBC 10 wp2545.111.2 amendment to sub section(3) of Section 12AA gives wide powers to cancel a registration obtained at any time. In Sedco Forex (supra) the explanation to Section 9(1)(ii) was effective from 1 April 2000. Therefore, it was to be applicable post 1 April 2000 and was not to apply to assessment of income for earlier years. In this case the amendment to sub section 3 of Section 12AA is with effect from 1 June 2010. Therefore the amended section 12AA becomes effective from 1 June 2010. Consequently from 1 June 2010 the Commissioner can exercise the power under Section 12AA(3) and cancel the registration of a Trust registered under Section 12A. Parliament while empowering the Commissioner to cancel registration of a Trust registered under Section 12A has deliberately used the words “obtained registration at any time under Section 12A”. Therefore, power under Section 12AA(3) can be exercised by the Commissioner in respect of a trust registered prior to 1 June 2010. The mere fact that a part of the requisites for the action under Section 12AA (3) is drawn from a time prior to its passing namely registration as a charitable trust under Section 12A prior to 2010 would not make the Uploaded on - 22/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 03:22:04
VBC 11 wp2545.111.2 amendment retrospective in operation. The amendment does not take away any vested right nor does it create new obligations in respect of past actions. Therefore, the decision in Sedco Forex (supra) is inapplicable to the facts of the petitioner’s case.
In the present case, by and as a result of the amendment by the Finance Act of 2010, the Commissioner has been empowered to initiate steps for the cancellation of the registration of a trust or institution where the activities of the trust/institution are not genuine or are not being carried out in accordance with the objects thereof even in relation to a trust which was registered under Section 12A as it then stood. Such an amendment cannot be regarded as taking away a vested right retrospectively. Alternately, even if it is construed to be retrospective, it cannot be held to be violative of Article 14. 9. In so far as the merits of the present matter are concerned, the earlier notice to show cause that was issued to the Petitioner on 31 July 2007, culminated in an order cancelling the registration Uploaded on - 22/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 03:22:04
VBC 12 wp2545.111.2 which was passed on 9 October 2007. The only ground on which the Tribunal interfered with the order was that under Subsection (3) of Section 12AA, as it then stood, the Commissioner had no power to cancel the registration of a trust or institution granted under Section 12A. This decision of the Tribunal was rendered on 19 September 2008, which was prior to the amendment, which was brought in by the Finance Act of 2010. After the amendment by the Finance Act with effect from 1 June 2010, the Commissioner has issued a fresh notice dated 11 March 2011 proposing to invoke the powers under the amended provisions of Section 12AA(3) for cancellation of the registration for the reasons mentioned in the order dated 9 October 2007. The notice which has been issued by the Commissioner is a notice to show cause and it would be open to the Petitioner to submit a reply to the notice on all grounds, including those which are contained in the order dated 9 October 2007. In other words, the contents of the order dated 9 October 2007 shall be treated as a notice to show cause to the Petitioner to which the Petitioner shall be at liberty to file a reply before the Commissioner. We decline to Uploaded on - 22/08/2020 Downloaded on - 28/10/2026 03:22:04
VBC 13 wp2545.111.2 exercise our jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution, at the present stage, to interdict the hearing of the notice to show case. We clarify that we have not expressed any opinion on the allegation levelled against the Petitioner, the correctness of which is left open to be determined by the Commissioner in the course of the proceedings.
The Petition is accordingly rejected. No order as to costs. ( Dr.D.Y.Chandrachud, J.) ( M.S.Sanklecha, J.)
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