COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX vs. M/S JOLLY POLYMERS

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TAXAP/1387/2010HC GujaratGJHC24027286201017 January 2012Bench: HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE AKIL KURESHI,HONOURABLE THE CHIEF JUSTICE MS. JUSTICE SONIA GOKANI26 pages
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What did the High Court hold?

The High Court held that while Section 80IB(4) requires the commencement of manufacturing activity, this activity must be lawful. Operating a factory without a valid license is prohibited by the Factories Act and is a penal offense. Therefore, commencing manufacturing activity without a license, which is a fundamental requirement for setting up a factory, renders the activity unlawful and disqualifies the assessee from claiming deduction under Section 80IB. However, the Court distinguished between situations where no application for a license was made before the cut-off date and where an application was made before 31.03.2004 but the license was granted shortly thereafter. In the latter cases, the lapse was considered technical. For appeals where no application was made before 31.03.2004, the Tribunal's order was reversed in favor of the Revenue. For appeals where an application was made before 31.03.2004 and the license was granted shortly thereafter, the appeals were dismissed in favor of the Revenue. One appeal was remanded for verification of the application date.

What were the facts?

The Revenue appealed against the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal's order for the assessment year 2005-2006, which allowed the assessee's claim for deduction under Section 80IB. The assessee, M/s Jolly Polymers, had claimed a deduction of Rs. 20.13 lakhs. The Assessing Officer disallowed the claim because the factory license was obtained on 03.05.2005, while the auditor's report indicated manufacturing commenced on 21.03.2004. The assessee contended that manufacturing activities, including purchase of machinery and raw materials, and obtaining excise and sales tax registrations, had commenced before 31.03.2004. The CIT(Appeals) upheld the disallowance, citing Rule 4 of the Goa, Daman & Diu Factories Rules, 1985, which prohibits factory operation without a valid license.

What were the issues?

1. Whether the assessee is entitled to deduction under Section 80IB of the Income Tax Act, 1961, when the factory license was obtained after the commencement of manufacturing activity, specifically after 31.03.2004. Assessee's Contention: The assessee argued that all conditions for Section 80IB were met, including the unit being set up and manufacturing commencing before 31.03.2004. They submitted evidence of machinery purchase, raw material consumption, electricity usage, excise and sales tax registrations, and an NOC from the Pollution Control Board. They contended that the delayed factory license was an oversight and did not invalidate the unit's eligibility, citing Supreme Court decisions like Textile Machinery Corporation Ltd. which prohibit adding conditions not explicitly stated in the Act. They also argued that a delayed registration might have consequences under the Factories Act but not necessarily for the 80IB deduction. Revenue's Contention: The Revenue contended that the grant of the factory license on 03.05.2005 indicated that production started only from that date. They argued that manufacturing activity could not have commenced without a valid license, thus failing the condition of commencing manufacturing before 31.03.2004 as required by Section 80IB(4).

Which sections of the Income-tax Act were involved?

Section 80IB,Section 80IB(4)

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TAXAP/1387/2010 1/26 JUDGMENT IN THE HIGH COURT OF GUJARAT AT AHMEDABAD TAX APPEAL No. 1387 of 2010 With TAX APPEAL No. 1388 of 2010 With TAX APPEAL No. 2016 of 2010 With TAX APPEAL No. 1105 of 2010 With TAX APPEAL No. 1106 of 2010 With TAX APPEAL No. 1116 of 2010 With TAX APPEAL No. 1117 of 2010 With TAX APPEAL No. 1125 of 2010 For Approval and Signature: HONOURABLE MR.JUSTICE AKIL KURESHI HONOURABLE MS JUSTICE SONIA GOKANI ========================================================= 1 Whether Reporters of Local Papers may be allowed to see the judgment ? 2 To be referred to the Reporter or not ? 3 Whether their Lordships wish to see the fair copy of the judgment ? 4 Whether this case involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the constitution of India, 1950 or any order made thereunder ? 5 Whether it is to be circulated to the civil judge? ========================================================= COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX - Appellant(s) Versus M/S JOLLY POLYMERS - Opponent(s) ========================================================= Appearance : TAX APPEALS NO.1105/2010 & 1106/2010 MR MANISH BHATT,SR COUNSEL WITH MRS MAUNA M BHATT for Appellant: 1, MR JP SHAH for Opponent(s) : 1, TAX APPEALS NO.1387/2010 & 1388/2010 MR MANISH BHATT, SR COUNSEL WITH MRS MAUNA M BHATT for Appellant: 1, MR TUSHAR HEMANI for Opponent(s) : 1, TAX APPEALS NO.1116/2010, 1117/2010 & 1125/2010 MR MANISH BHATT, SR COUNSEL WITH MRS MAUNA M BHATT for Appellant: 1,

TAXAP/1387/2010 2/26 JUDGMENT Notice unserved to Opponent(s) : 1, TAX APPEAL NO.2016/2010 MR MANISH BHATT, SR COUNSEL WITH MRS MAUNA M BHATT for Appellant: 1, Notice served to Opponent(s) : 1,

========================================================= CORAM : HONOURABLE MR.JUSTICE AKIL KURESHI and HONOURABLE MS JUSTICE SONIA GOKANI Date : 17/01/2012 ORAL JUDGMENT (Per : HONOURABLE MR.JUSTICE AKIL KURESHI) 1. Issues are identical in all the appeals.  Facts may be noted from Tax Appeal No.1387/2010. 2. This   appeal   is   filed   by   the   Revenue   calling   in   question   the judgement   of   the   Tribunal   dated   23.12.2009.   By   the   said judgement, the Tribunal allowed the respondent assessee's appeal and   reversed   the   order   passed   by   the   Assessing   Officer   as confirmed by the CIT(Appeals). 3. Issue pertains to the claim of deduction under Section 80IB of the Act raised by the assessee. We are concerned with the assessment year 2005­2006. For the said year, the assessee had filed return of income declaring nil income. In such return,   the assessee had claimed deduction of Rs.20.13 lakhs(rounded off)  under Section 80IB of the Act. Case of the assessee was taken under scrutiny by the Assessing Officer. He raised several queries with respect to different claims and in particular,  deduction under Section 80IB of

TAXAP/1387/2010 3/26 JUDGMENT the Income Tax Act. The Assessing Officer called upon the assessee to satisfy why such claim should not be disallowed on the ground that   though   the   auditor   in   his   report   had   certified   that manufacturing   activity   had   commenced   on   21.3.2004,   factory license   was   issued   by   the   Chief   Inspector   of   Factory   only   on 3.5.2005. In respect to such a query, the assessee contended that assessee had complied with all conditions of Section 80IB of the Act.   The   unit   was   set   up   before   31.3.2004   and   had   also commenced manufacturing activity before the said date. It was conveyed   that   assessee   is   engaged   in   the   business   of manufacturing of poly rolls, plastic bags and pouches, etc.. Such manufacturing was being carried out at the factory of the assessee at Daman which premises were obtained by the assessee on rental basis. Necessary machinery was purchased on 16.3.2004. Assessee produced evidence of purchase of raw material and production as also consumption of electricity for manufacturing activity. Assessee also contended that Excise registration was granted on 1.3.2004 and   Sales   Tax   Registration   was   granted   on   7.1.2004   and   SSI registration was granted on 21.3.2004. No Objection Certificate from Pollution Control Board was also obtained on 7.1.2004. With respect   to   non   availability   of   factory   license,   the   assessee contended as under : “It appears that by oversight factory license was left out to be applied on the date of commencement of production in March, 2004. The license was eventually applied in Jan 2005 and was issued   by   authority   on   03.05.2005.   However,   circumstances   of delayed obtaining of factory license has not bearing either on formation   of   unit   which   is   validly   formed   in   March   2004   or manufacturing   work   being   commenced   in   factory   from   March 2004. Delayed registration, if at all, may have consequences under the Factories Act, but, it would be incorrect to suggest that it per se invalid the eligibility of unit which was formed validly in the year 31.3.04. Section 80IB nowhere provides for such requirement as

TAXAP/1387/2010 4/26 JUDGMENT pre­requisite. To read such additional requirement in the section, according to Supreme Court, is not permissible in law. Reference is invited to decision in the case of Textile Machinery Corporation Ltd.   (107   ITR   195),   wherein   the   Supreme   Court   analysised conditions of section 15C (akin to present section 80IA/80IB). The Supreme Court observed at page 202 as under : “Sub­section(2) of section 15C has a negative as well as a positive aspect. Negative, the new industrial undertaking of the assessee should not be formed : i by the splitting up of the business already in existence. ii by the reconstruction of the business already in existence, or iii by the transfer to a new business of building, machinery or plant used in a business which was being carried on before April 1, 1948 We agree that it is not possible to exclude any new industrial undertaking other than the three categories mentioned above.” Thus, according to the Supreme Court, an A.O. cannot add any new condition to the list of disabling condition. On Principles, it would not be correct for the A.O. to add a condition that the deduction   will   be   denied   if   assessee   was   not   holding   factory license when production commenced in March 2004 – though, the assessee   might   have   obtained   factory   license   belatedly   in subsequent year.” 4. Assessing Officer however, disallowed the claim. He was of the opinion that such grant of license on 3.5.2005 would show that production started only from that date. He noted that without such   license,   the   assessee   could   not   have   commenced   the manufacturing   activity.     He   therefore,   concluded   that   assessee failed   to   prove   that   manufacturing   process   had   stated   before 31.3.2004. On these grounds, deduction claimed by the assessee was disallowed.

TAXAP/1387/2010 5/26 JUDGMENT 5. Assessee carried the matter in appeal. CIT(Appeals) dismissed the assessee's appeal. He took note of Rule 4 of Goa, Daman & Diu Factories Rules, 1985, which prohibits use of premises as factory without valid license and concluded thus : “2.3.4One     thing   is   very   clear   and   that   is   either   the production/manufacturing had not started before 31.03.2004 and therefore no deduction u/s.80IB can be allowed or the appellant has violated the provisions of the Factory Act and had stated the production/manufacturing in violation of the Factory Act. In this second situation also deduction u/s.80IB cannot be allowed in view of the decision of the Hon'ble Supreme Court. Bombay High Court and Madras High Court discussed below :­......” 6. Assessee carried the matter in further appeal before the Tribunal. Tribunal by impugned order reversed the orders passed by the Revenue Authorities. Tribunal was of the opinion that only those conditions specified in Section 80IB of the Act were required to be fulfilled   by   the   assessee   claiming   such   deductions   and   that therefore,   in   the   present   case   deduction   could   not   have   been disallowed. We may record that the Tribunal principally relied and reproduced   an   order   dated   5.6.2009   in   case   of  ITO   Vapi   v. Samarth   Health   Care.   It   was     a   case   wherein   however,   the assessee had applied for factory license prior to commencement of production  but  same  was   granted  subsequently.  It  was   in  this background   Tribunal   in   that   case   observed   that   for   claiming deduction under Section 80IB of the Act only those conditions laid down under the said Section are required to be fulfilled and no more. 7. Facts are same in Tax Appeal No. 1388/2010. For the purpose of these appeals, we formulate following   substantial question of

TAXAP/1387/2010 6/26 JUDGMENT law : “(A)  Whether the Appellate Tribunal is right in law and on facts in   holding   that   there   is   no   condition   precedent   to   obtain   the factory license before starting the industrial undertaking, without appreciating the fact that legally production cannot commence without obtaining the license to run the factory from the Factory Inspector as per Rule 4 of Factory Rules red with Section 6 of the Factory Act?” 8. In Tax Appeals No.1105/2010 and 1106/2010, however, factual situation is slightly different. In these Tax Appeals also Assessing Officer had disallowed deduction under Section 80IB  of the Act on   the   ground   that   factory   license   was   not   granted   before 31.3.2004   which   was   last   date   of   commencement   of manufacturing.   CIT(Appeals)   dismissed   the   assessee's   appeal. Tribunal   however,   reversed   the   decision   of   the   Revenue Authorities. The vital difference on facts is that the assessee in these cases had applied for necessary license under the Factories Act and the Rules made thereunder before 31.3.2004 but were granted such license subsequent to the said date. In Tax Appeals No.   1387/2010,   1388/2010,   1116/2010,   1125/2010   and 1117/2010 also, it emerges from the record that assessees had applied for license before 31.3.2004 but were granted such license after that date. In Tax Appeal No.2016/2010, date of application of license is not available from the record. For the purpose of these appeals, therefore, we formulate following substantial question of law : “(B) Whether the Tribunal was right in law as well as in facts in upholding the assessee's claim of deduction under Section 80IB of the Act when application for license to run the factory was made to the Factory Inspector prior to 31.3.2004 but the actual license was granted only after the said date?”

TAXAP/1387/2010 7/26 JUDGMENT 9. Learned   senior   counsel   Shri   Manish   Bhatt   for   the   Revenue vehemently contended that Section 80IB of the Act provides for deduction   in   respect   of   profit   and   gains   in   respect   of   certain industrial undertaking. Sub­section(4) thereof envisages deduction in case of industrial undertakings located in the backward area subject to fulfillment of the condition that it begins to manufacture or produce articles or things during the period beginning on 1st April 1993 and ending on 31st March 2004. He submitted that in all cases, license from the Factory Inspector under the Factories Act was not obtained before 31.3.2004.   Assessees therefore, cannot be stated to have fulfilled this vital condition on commencement of manufacturing activity before 31.3.2004. He drew our attention to various provisions contained in the Factories Act and  Goa, Daman & Diu Factories Rules, 1985,(“the Rules” for short) to contend that manufacturing activity without such license is prohibited. 9.1 In support of his contentions, counsel relied on the following decisions : a) In case of  Madras Machine Tools Manufacturers Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income­tax, Madras reported in (1975) 98 ITR 119,   wherein   the   Revenue's   contention   that   the   assessee   had commenced  the   manufacturing   activity   albeit   without   requisite license, was negatived observing that : “We are also not inclined to accept the contention of the revenue that the articles produced or manufactured need not be the articles licensed under the Industries Development and Regulation Act, 1951, and that any article produced by the undertaking will entitle the company to claim the benefit of section 84 in the year of such production.   Section   84(7)   contemplates   all   articles   by   the undertaking and the word "undertaking" in the context can only

TAXAP/1387/2010 8/26 JUDGMENT mean a licensed undertaking. In the context the articles of the undertaking can only be those for which licence has been obtained by the undertaking under the said Act. In any event, we are of the view   that   there   has   not   been   any   regular   and   substantial production or manufacture of articles by the company and that the few articles produced are quite insignificant in value and quantity. Hence   it   could   not   be   said   that   the   company   has   started production and manufacture of the articles before May 31, 1958.” b) In case of Bihari Lal Jaiswal and others v. Commissioner of Income­tax  and  others  reported   in   (1996)   217   ITR   746(SC), wherein the assessee was a firm and sought registration under the Income Tax Act. One of the partners of the firm had obtained license for retail  sale of country spirit. One of the conditions of the license was that the holder shall not enter into a partnership for the   working   of   privilege   under   the   license   despite   which,   the holder   of   the   license   entered   into   such   partnership.   In   this background, it was observed that registration confers a substantial benefit upon the partnership firm. There is no reason why such a benefit should be extended to persons who have entered into a partnership agreement prohibited by law. One arm of law cannot be utilised to defeat the other arm of law.

We may however, notice that such decision was rendered under Sections 185 or 186 of the Income Tax Act. Said sections  as they stood at the relevant time envisaged that on an application being made for registration of the firm, the Assessing Officer was obliged to inquire into genuineness of firm and its constitution as specified in the instrument of the partnership and if on inquiry he was   satisfied   that   if   a   genuine   firm   with   the   constitution   so specified was in existence, he was obliged to grant registration. c) In   case   of  Commissioner   of   Income­tax   v.   Grand

TAXAP/1387/2010 9/26 JUDGMENT Enterprises reported in (1999) 235 ITR 594, wherein the Division Bench   of   Kerala   High   Court   also   examined   the   question   of registration of partnership firm. The facts involved in the case were that the license for running a Bar was granted to one of the partners of the partnership firm whereas license was utilised by the firm for running the said Bar. When the Assessing Officer on such facts refused to continue registration of the firm, assessee objected to the same. Ultimately, issue reached High Court. Kerala High Court observed that the conducting of liquor trade and the transfer of the license were opposed to public policy and would defeat the object of the Act. Court therefore, would not come to the rescue of an assessee to sustain a contract which was opposed to public policy. d) In   case   of  Commissioner   of   Income­tax   v.  Swarna  Bar Restaurant reported in (2011) 334 ITR 387(AP), wherein Division Bench of Andhra Pradesh High Court considering the case where the assessee partnership firm was carrying the business in trading of   Indian   made   foreign   liquor.   License   for   such   purpose   was obtained from Andhra Pradesh Excise Department in the name of one of the partners in his individual capacity. The Assessing Officer held that the assessee had not obtained permission from the Excise Department   before   entering   into   partnership.   Such   partnership was prohibited under the Andhra Pradesh Excise Act, 1968 and therefore, status of the assessee could not be treated as a firm. As a result he disallowed the remuneration paid to the partners and interest   on   capital   borrowed.   High   Court   noticing   statutory amendments made in Sections 184 and 185 of the Act, observed that prior to amendment, Section 185  empowered the Assessing Officer to inquire into genuineness of the firm and its constitution.

TAXAP/1387/2010 10/26 JUDGMENT However,   subsequent   to   amendment,   distinction   between registered firm and unregistered firm has been removed. High Court made following observations : “9. It is evident from section 15 of the A.P. Act that except under the authority and in accordance with the terms and conditions, of a licence granted in their favour, no one can carry on business in trading in liquor in the Stte ofg Anmdhra Pradesh. In addition, a person who has been granted a licence has to ensure compliance with the terms and conditions prescribed therein. As the business of trading in intoxicating liquor is res extra commercium, a high degree of control is exercised by law to ensure that the business of trading  in  liquor   is   carried  on  strictly   in   accordance   with   the provisions of the A.P. Excise Act, the rules, made thereunder, and the terms and conditions of the licence granted in favour of the licensee.   Violation   of   any   of   the   conditions   would   entail suspension/cancellation of licence under section   31 of the A.P. Act. In cases where a licence is granted in favour of an individual it is only he, and no other, who is entitled to carry on business of trading   in   intoxicating   liquor.   By   his   act   of   entering   into   a partnership, a licence would have permitted the other partners also to carry on business of trading in intoxicating liquor. Such a partnership agreement would not only fall foul of, and defeat, the provisions of the A.P. Excise but would under section 23 of the Indian Contract Act, also be an agreement opposed to public policy and, hence, unlawful and void. 16. On a conjoint reading of section 15 of the A.P. Act, and rule 39 of the IMFL Rules, it is clear that no license can, except with the prior permission of the Commissioner of Prohibition and Excise (Licensing Authority), include any other person as his partner to carry on business in the sale and purchase of intoxicating liquor. It is the law laid down in Bihari Lal Jaiswal (1996) 217 ITR 746(SC) which would apply to the facts of the present case, and not the judgment in Grand Enterprises.”

e) In   case   of  Maddi   Venkataraman   and   Co.(P.   )   Ltd.   v. Commissioner of Income­tax  reported in (1998) 229 ITR 534, wherein certain expenditures made by the assessee were claimed as business expenditure  or loss. The Court finding that assessee had   indulged   in   transaction   in   violation   of   the   provisions   of

TAXAP/1387/2010 11/26 JUDGMENT Foreign   Exchange(Regulation)   Act   held   that   the   assessee's contention   that   it   would   have   incurred   loss,   cannot   be   a justification for contravention of law. It was observed that it would be against the public policy to allow the benefit of deduction under one statute, of any expenditure incurred in violation of provisions   of   another   statute   or   any   penalty   imposed   under another statute. 10.On   the   other   hand,   learned   counsel   Shri   Tushar   Hemani vehemently   contended   that   the   assessee   had   fulfilled   all   the conditions under Section 80IB of the Act to claim such deduction. The   manufacturing   activity   had   actually   commenced   before 31.3.2004.     Voluminous evidence was produced in this regard. Neither the Assessing Officer nor the CIT(Appeals) had come to the finding that in fact the manufacturing activity had not  started. Assessee   had   obtained   necessary   registration   from   the   Excise department. Assessee had registered itself as SSI, also obtained NOC from the Pollution Control  Board. Only with respect to the factory's   license   due   to   oversight/ignorance,   same   was   not obtained in time. Counsel submitted that in view of the fact that manufacturing activity had actually commenced, mere fact that the factory license was not obtained before 31.3.2004 would be of no consequence. 10.1  In support of his contention, counsel relied on decision in case of  Textile Machinery Corporation Ltd.v. Commissioner of Income­tax,   West   Bengal  reported   in   (1977)   107   ITR   195, wherein under similar provisions contained in the Income­tax Act, 1922, the Apex Court observed as under : “The principal object of section 15C is to encourage setting up of

TAXAP/1387/2010 12/26 JUDGMENT new industrial undertakings by offering tax incentive within a period of 13 years from April 1, 1948. Section 15C provides for a fractional. exemption from tax of profits of a newly established undertaking for five assessment years as specified therein. This section was inserted in the Act  in 1949 by  section  13 of the Taxation Laws (Extensions to Merged States and Amendment) Act, 1949   (Act   67   of   1949)   extending   the   benefit   to   the   actual manufacture or production of articles commencing from a prior date,   namely,   April   1,   1948.   After   the   country   had   gained independence in 1947 it was most essential to give fillip to trade and industry from all quarters. That seems to be the background for insertion of section 15C. “ 10.2 Counsel relied on decision of the Apex Court in case of Dr. T.A. Quereshi v. Commissioner of Income­tax reported in (2006) 287 ITR 547(SC), wherein the assessee, a medical practitioner had claimed deduction on the value of heroin seized from his gross income. Tribunal held that heroin was a part of his stock­in­trade and had allowed deduction of the estimated value of the heroin seized from the gross income as a business loss. High Court had reversed such order on the ground that possession of heroin was an offence and that it would be disgraceful for a doctor to indulge in activities against humanity. Apex Court reversed the decision of High Court making following observations : 15. In our opinion, the High Court has adopted an emotional and moral approach rather than a legal approach. We fully agree with the High Court that the assessee was committing a highly immoral   act   in   illegally   manufacturing   and   selling   heroin. However, cases are to be decided by courts on legal principles and not on one's own moral views. Law is different from morality, as the positivist jurists Bentham and Austin pointed out.” 10.3 Counsel relied on decision in case of  Vijay Ship Breaking Corporation and others v. Commissioner of Income­tax reported in (2009) 314 ITR 309(SC), wherein the Apex Court considered ship breaking activity as a manufacturing activity. This judgement was cited in support of the contention that since activity carried on

TAXAP/1387/2010 13/26 JUDGMENT by   the   assessee   was   that   of   manufacturing   activity,   deduction under sub­section(4) of Section 80IB would have to be granted. 10.4  Reliance was also placed on decision of this Court in case of Commissioner   of   Income­tax­I   v.   Radhe   Developers  in   Tax Appeal   No.546/2008   dated   13.12.2011,   wherein   in   context   of deduction   under   Section   80IB(10)   it   was   held   that   what   is required of an assessee was to have developed the housing project. It was thereafter not further necessary that assessee must also be himself owner of the land on which such project was developed. 11.Learned counsel Shri J.P. Shah appearing for the assessee in Tax Appeals   No.1105/2010   and  1106/2010   submitted  that   even   if manufacturing activities carried on by the assessee are termed to be illegal, the moment Revenue proposed to tax income arising from   such  activity,  all   deductions  under  the   Act   must   also   be applied. Counsel relied on the decision of the Apex Court in case of Hindustan Steel Ltd. v. State of Orissa reported in (1972) 83 ITR 26 to contend that in any case, since the breach is a technical breach, deduction should not be disallowed.

We   may   notice   however,   that   said   decision   pertains   to imposition of penalty under Orissa Sales Tax Act. It was in this background that the Apex Court observed that the penalty will not ordinarily   be   imposed   unless   the   party   acted   deliberately   in defiance   of   law   or   was   guilty   of   conduct   contumacious   or dishonest  or acted in conscious disregard of its obligation. 12.Having thus heard learned counsel for the parties, we may recall that Section 80IB of the Act pertains to deduction in respect of

TAXAP/1387/2010 14/26 JUDGMENT profits   and   gains   from   certain   industrial   undertakings.   Sub­ section(1) thereof reads as under : “(1) Where the gross total income of an assessee includes any profits and gains derived from any business referred to in sub­ sections (3) to (11) (such business being hereinafter referred to as the eligible business), there shall, in accordance with and subject to the provisions of this section, be allowed, in computing the total income of the assessee, a deduction from such profits and gains of an amount equal to such  percentage and for such  number of assessment years as specified in this section.”

Sub­section(4) of Section 80IB provides for deduction in case of industrial undertaking in certain cases and reads as under : “(4)   The   amount   of   deduction   in   the   case   of   an   industrial undertaking in an industrially backward State specified in the Eighth Schedule shall be hundred per cent of the profits and gains derived from such industrial undertaking for five assessment years beginning with the initial assessment year and thereafter twenty­ five per cent (or thirty per cent where the assessee is a company) of the profits and gains derived from such industrial undertaking :

Provided that the total period of deduction does not exceed ten consecutive assessment years (or twelve consecutive assessment years   where   the   assessee   is   a   co­operative   society)   subject   to fulfilment   of   the   condition   that   it   begins   to   manufacture   or produce articles or things or to operate its cold storage plant or plants during the period beginning on the 1st day of April, 1993 and ending on the 31st day of March, 2000 :

Provided further that in the case of such industries in the North­ Eastern Region, as may be notified by the Central Government, the amount of deduction shall be hundred per cent of profits and gains for a period of ten assessment years, and the total period of deduction shall in such a case not exceed ten assessment years.” 13.From  the  above  provisions,  it  can  be seen  that  to   qualify  for deduction under sub­section(4) of Section 80IB of the Act, one of the   essential   requirements   was   that   industrial   undertaking concerned should have begun to manufacture or produce articles

TAXAP/1387/2010 15/26 JUDGMENT or things on or before 31.3.2004. 14.In the present cases, from the record, it emerges that assessee had in fact began such manufacturing prior to 31.3.2004. Assessees had produced necessary evidence in this regard of purchase of raw materials and sale of finished goods, of consumption of electricity and such other evidences.  Though the Assessing Officer did record that   the   assessee   could   not   have   commenced   manufacturing activity before 31.3.2004, it was on the basis that factory license was   issued   after   such   date.   He   did   not   dispute   voluminous evidence   produced   by   the   assessee   to   show   purchase   of   raw material,   consumption   of   electricity,   proof   of   sale   of   finished product etc. CIT(Appeals) rejected the assessee's appeal but not on the ground that manufacturing activity had not in fact commenced before   31.3.2004.   Even   before   us,   Revenue   did   not   raise   any serious dispute that though without factory license, manufacturing activity   had   started.   We   therefore,   proceed   on   this   factually concluded   issue   namely     that   assessees   had   in   fact   begun   to manufacture its articles or things before 31.3.2004. 15.Equally undisputed is the fact that assessees had not obtained license from the Factory Inspector as required under the Factories Act and the Rules. In a group of cases mentioned above, assessees had not even applied for such license prior to 31.3.2004. Such application was made only after the said cut off date. Naturally the license was granted sometime thereafter. In another set of cases, however, assessees had applied for such license prior to 31.3.2004, but admittedly such license was granted shortly thereafter. 16.Insofar as set of cases where no application for license was made,

TAXAP/1387/2010 16/26 JUDGMENT we  have to  examine  whether  assessees can be stated to  have fulfilled the necessary requirement for claiming deduction under Section 80IB(4) of the Act. It is true that proviso to sub­section(4) requires the assessee to begin to manufacture or produce articles or   things   on   or   before   31.3.2004.   However,   can   such commencement   of   manufacturing   activity   be   de­hors   the   legal requirements is the  question. 17.At this stage   it would be useful to take note of some of the provisions contained in the Factories Act  and the Rules. ● Section 6 of the Factories Act pertains to approval, licensing and registration of factories. Sub­section(1) of Section 6 empowers the State to make rules with respect to several subjects mentioned therein. Clause (aa) refers to requiring previous permission  in writing of the State Government  or the  Chief Inspector to  be obtained for the site on which the factory is situated and for the construction or extension of any factory or class or description of factories. ● Sub­section(2) of Section 6 provides that if on an application for permission referred to in clause (aa) of sub­section(1) is made accompanied by the plans and specifications and sent to the State Government or Chief Inspector and no order is communicated to the applicant within three months from the date on which it is so sent, permissions shall be deemed to have been granted. ● Sub­section(3) of Section 6 provides for an appeal in case Tribunal or Chief Inspector refused to grant such permission. Section 6 of the Factories Act reads as under :

TAXAP/1387/2010 17/26 JUDGMENT

6.

Approval, licensing and registration of factories ­(1) The State Government may make rules ­

(a) requiring, for the purposes of this Act, the submission of plans  of any class or description of factories to the Chief Inspector or the  State Government;

(aa) requiring, the previous permission in writing of the State Government or the Chief Inspector to be obtained for the site on which the factory is to be situated and for the construction or extension of any factory or class or description of factories;

(b) requiring for the purpose of considering applications for such  permission the submission of plans and specifications;

(c) prescribing the nature of such plans and specifications and by  whom they shall be certified;

(d) requiring the registration and licensing of factories or any class  or description of factories, and prescribing the fees payable for  such registration and licensing and for the renewal of licences;

(e) requiring that no licence shall be granted or renewed unless  the notice specified in section 7 has been given.

(2) If on an application for permission referred to in clause (aa) of  sub­section   (1)   accompanied   by   the   plans   and   specifications  required by the rules made under clause (b) of that sub­section,  sent to the State Government or Chief inspector by registered post,  no order is communicated to the applicant within three months  from the date on which it is so sent, the permission applied for in  the said application shall be deemed to have been granted.

(3) Where a State Government or a Chief Inspector refuses to  grant permission to the site, construction or extension of a factory  or to the registration and licensing of a factory, the applicant may  within thirty days of the date of such refusal appeal to the Central

TAXAP/1387/2010 18/26 JUDGMENT Government   if   the   decision   appealed   from   was   of   the   State Government and to the State Government in any other case.

Explanation : A factory shall not be deemed to be extended within the meaning of this section by reason only of the replacement of any plant or machinery, or within such limits as may be prescribed, of the addition of any plant or machinery if such replacement or addition does not reduce the minimum clear space required for safe working around the plant or machinery or adversely affect the environmental conditions from the evolution or emission of steam, heat or dust or fumes injurious to health.” ● Section 7 of the Factories Act pertains to notice by occupier who intends to occupy any premises as factory and who is required to give such notice to Chief Inspector containing specific details. ● Chapter III of the Factories Act   pertains to health and makes provisions   with   respect   to   cleanliness,   disposal   of   wastes   and effluents, latrines and urinals, etc. ● Chapter IV pertains to safety of workers engaged in such factories. ● Chapter IV­A   of the Factories Act makes provisions relating to hazardous processes. ● Chapter V of the Factories  Act pertains to welfare of the workers and of the families engaged in such factories. ● Chapter VI prescribes certain maximum working hours and other provisions relating to weekly holidays and compensatory holidays.

TAXAP/1387/2010 19/26 JUDGMENT ● Chapter VII makes provisions prohibiting employment of young children in factories. ● Chapter X pertains to penalties and procedure for such penalties. ● Section 92 contained in Chapter X of the Factories Act pertains to General penalty for offences and reads as under : “92. General Penalty for offences ­ Save as is otherwise expressly provided in this Act and subject to the provisions of section 93, if in, or in respect of, any factory there is any contravention of any of the provisions of this Act or of any rules made thereunder or of any order in writing given thereunder, the occupier and manager of the factory shall each be guilty of an offence and punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to

[two years] or with fine which may extend to [one lakh rupees] or with both, and if the contravention is continued after conviction, with a further fine which may extend to [one thousand rupees] for each day on which the contravention is so continued:

[Provided that where contravention of any of the provisions of Chapter IV or any rule made thereunder or under section 87 has resulted in an accident causing death or serious bodily injury, the fine shall not be less than [twenty­five thousand rupees] in the case of an accident causing death, and [five thousand rupees] in the case of an accident causing serious bodily injury.

Explanation  : In this section and in section 94 "serious bodily injury" means an injury which involves, or in all probability will involve, the permanent loss of the use of, or permanent injury to, any limb or the permanent loss of, or injury to, sight or hearing, or the fracture of any bone, but shall not include, the fracture of bone or joint (not being fracture of more than one bone or joint) of any phalanges of the hand or foot.” ● Section 112  of the Factories Act pertains to general power of the

TAXAP/1387/2010 20/26 JUDGMENT State Government to make rules. 18.It can thus be seen that the Factories Act makes detailed provisions with respect to granting license for factories as also makes number of   welfare   measures   pertaining   to   the   welfare   of   the   workers engaged in the factories  including health, safety, working hours and protection of young children in employment in factories. 19. In exercise of powers under the Factories Act, Government of Goa, Diu and Daman has framed the Rules. ● Sub­rule(1) of Rule 3 provides for approval of plans and provides inter­alia that no site shall be used for the location of a factory or no   building   in   a   factory   shall   be   constructed,   re­constructed, extended or taken into use as a factory, unless previous permission in writing is obtained from the Chief Inspector of Factories. ● Sub­rule(2)   of   Rule   3   provides   that   if   the   Chief   Inspector   is satisfied that the plans are in consonance with the requirements, he shall subject to such conditions   as he may specify, approve them by signing and returning to the applicant one copy of each plan. ● Rule 4 prohibits use of any premises as a factory without a valid license and reads as under : “4. Prohibition of use of a premises as a factory without a valid licence.  No  occupier of  a  factory  shall  use  any  premises  as  a factory or carry on any manufacturing process in a factory except under a licence obtained or renewed in respect of such premises in accordance with the provisions of these rules. “ ● Rule 5 pertains to certificate of stability and provides that no

TAXAP/1387/2010 21/26 JUDGMENT manufacturing process shall be carried on in any building of a factory constructed, reconstructed or extended, or in any building which has been taken into use as a factory or part of factory until a certificate of stability has been sent by the occupier or manager of the factory to the Chief Inspector and accepted by him. ● Rule 6 pertains to application for registration and grant of license and reads as under : “6. Application for registration and grant of license. (1) The occupier or manager of every factory coming within the scope of this Act after its commencement shall submit to the chgief inspector an application in triplicate in Form 2 for the registration of the factory accompanied by an application Form 3 for the grant of licence therefore : Provided that the occupier or manager of a place to which the provisions of the Act are made applicable by a notification under section 85 of the Act shall submit an application within 30 days of the date of that notification. (2) Every such application shall be accompanied by a treasury receipt or an invoice for book adjustment, as the case may be, for payment of the fees prescribed for the purpose specified in the schedule below :­­............

Provided that­­ (i) fees to be charged for the following classes of factories shall, subject to a minimum of rupees five, be half of those specified above, if they do not work for more than 180 days in the aggregate in the calender year :­­ (a) Gur Factories (b) Cashewnut Factories (c) Rice Mills. (ii)In the case of other factories working for a part of the year and commencing work on or after 1st day of July, the fees to be charged for the first time shall, subject to a minimum rupees

TAXAP/1387/2010 22/26 JUDGMENT five, be half of those specified in the schedule aforesaid.” ● Rule 7 pertains to grant of license and reads as under : “7. Grant of licence.­­ The Chief Inspector may, on application being made to him under sud­rule (1) of rule 6 and on payment of the   fees   prescribed   in   sub­rule   (2)   of   the   rule   and   on   being satisfied that there is no objection to the grant of the licence applied for, register the factory and grant licence in Form 4 to the applicant to use as factory such premises as are specified in the application and subject to compliance with such conditions as are specified in the licence: Provided   that   subject   to   the   provisions   of   sub­section   (3)   of Section 6, the Chief Inspector may refuse to register the factory and grant a licence if he satisfied­­­ (i) that an application is not accompanied by plans­­ (a) of the site on which the factory is to be situated; and (b) for the construction or extension of the factory; (ii)that the plans so submitted have not been approved by the Chief Inspector; (iii)  that the factory has not been constructed in accordance with   the   plans   approved   by   the   Chief   Inspector   or   in compliance with the conditions subject to which the plans are approved; (iv)that   material   requirements   of   the   relevant   provisions specified in the schedules to rule 131 in relation to the factory concerns have not been complied with; or (v)that   there   imminent   danger   to   life   in   a   factory   due   to explosive or inflammable dust, gas or fumes, and effective measures in his opinion have not been taken to remove the danger. (2) Subject to the provisions hereinafter contained with respect to suspension and unless earlier renewed under rule 9, every such   licence   shall   remain   in   force   until   the   31st  day   of December   of  the  year   for  which   the   licence   is   granted,   or renewed under rule 9.”

TAXAP/1387/2010 23/26 JUDGMENT ● Rule 9 pertains to renewal of license. In particular clause(b) of sub­rule(2) of of Rule 9 provides that the Chief Inspector may also refuse the renewal of the license on the ground that the applicant has been guilty of repeated contraventions of the provisions of the Act or Rules or both, or the applicant has obtained the licence by fraud or by misrepresentation. 20.  From the above statutory provisions, it can be seen that before setting   up   of   a   factory,   intending   manufacturer   has   to   obtain license as envisaged under Section 6 of the Act   and Rules made thereunder.   The   Act   itself   contains   large   number   of   welfare measures providing for health, safety, working hours etc. of the persons employed in the factory. It also prohibits employment of young children in factories. Such provisions can be implemented only if necessary licensing policy is framed and implemented. The license   from   the   Factory   Inspector   in   this   respect   assumes considerable significance without which it can be easily seen that it would not be possible to implement any of the welfare measures made in the Factories Act. 21.We   have   already   noticed   that   the   Rules   prohibit   use   of   any premises as factory without a valid license. Section 92 of the Act makes penal provisions for any breach of the provisions of the Act or Rules made thereunder. Thus running of a factory without a valid license is not only prohibited but is also a penal offence. 22.In   that   view   of   the   matter,   we   are   unable   to   hold   that   only requirement of sub­section(4) of Section 80IB is for assessee to commence   manufacturing   activity   even   if   such   manufacturing

TAXAP/1387/2010 24/26 JUDGMENT activity is prohibited by law. 23.We are conscious that that besides the Factories Act, outside of Income Tax Act, there may be large number of requirements for the factory owner to be fulfilled. All such requirements may not be fundamental   or   substantial.   Mere   breach   of   some   technical provision or a requirement would   not ipso facto disqualify an assessee from claiming  deduction under Section 80IB of the Act. In the present case, however, we are concerned with one of the basic requirements of setting up of a factory i.e. obtaining a license without which legally it would not be permissible to set up a factory and to commence  manufacturing activity.  In absence of such   license,   setting   up   of   factory   is   prohibited.   Setting   up   a factory without license is a penal offence. We have noticed that Factories   Act   makes   large   number   of   welfare   measures.   To implement such measures, it would be absolutely essential that licensing procedure is in place. While examining requirements of section   80IB(4)   of   the   Act,   we   cannot   be   oblivion   to   such provision. 24.In those appeals where we find that assessee had not even applied for   factory   license   before   31.3.2004,   we   cannot   hold   that necessary conditions under sub­section(4) of Section 80IB of the Act were fulfilled. 25.We are conscious of two different situations arising in the case of Srish Chandra Sen(deceased) and others v. Commissioner of Income­tax, West Bengal reported in 41 ITR 340 and reiterated in case of  Maddi Venkataraman and Co.(P. ) Ltd.(supra) and one arising in case of   Dr. T.A. Quereshi(supra). In one set of cases

TAXAP/1387/2010 25/26 JUDGMENT deduction claimed pertains to penalty on illegal expenditure while carrying on legal activities whereas in other set of cases, deduction claimed was  with respect  to activities  which itself was  per se illegal. 26.In the present group of cases, however, we need not dwell on this issue at any length. Primarily we are of the opinion that while holding that assessees are not entitled to deduction under section 80IB(4)   of   the   Act,   we   are   not   reading   into   it   any   other requirements   contained   in   any   other   Act   but   are   reading   the requirements contained in the proviso to Sub­section(4)of Section 80IB   of   the   Act   so   as   to   require   that   commencement   of   the industrial activity must be lawful and any manufacturing activity which is fundamentally unlawful or prohibited by law and against public policy, would not be covered by said provision. 27.However, in cases where the application for license was already made before 31.3.2004, but obtained shortly thereafter, we are of the opinion that such lapse must be viewed as one which is purely technical even without accepting the contention of the counsel for the assessee that grant of license subsequently would relate back to the original date of application. We are inclined to uphold the Tribunal's view to this extent. 28.In the result, we answer question(A) in the negative i.e. in favour of Revenue and against the assessee. We answer question(B) in the affirmative i.e. in favour of the assessee and against the Revenue. 29.In Tax Appeal No. 1105/2010 and 1106/2010, the assessees had never applied for factory license before 31.3.2004.  In view of our answer   to   above   question(A),   these   Tax   Appeals   are   allowed.

TAXAP/1387/2010 26/26 JUDGMENT Judgement of the Tribunal is reversed. 30.In   Tax   Appeals   No.1387/2010,   1388/2010,   1116/2010, 1125/2010 and 1117/2010, assessee had already applied before 31.3.2004 and such licenses were granted shortly thereafter. In view   of   our   answer   to   question(B),   these   Tax   Appeals   are dismissed. 31.In Tax Appeal No.2016/2010 the date of application for factory license is not emerging from the record. Proceedings are therefore, placed before the Assessing Officer for verifying such fact and to decide the assessee's case on the basis of findings given in this judgement. For the above purpose, the order of the Tribunal is set aside. 32.Tax Appeals are disposed of accordingly. 33.Shri Hemani for the assessees at this stage prayed that certificate of fitness to appeal to the  Supreme Court in terms of Article 133(1) read with Article 134A be granted. Request is not accepted. (Akil Kureshi,J.) (Ms. Sonia Gokani,J.) (raghu)

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