Section 10(23C) of the Income Tax Act

Employee contributions to provident fund, ESI, and other welfare funds, if deposited by the due date for furnishing the return of income under Section 139(1), are allowable as a deduction and cannot be disallowed under Section 36(1)(va) read with Section 2(24)(x) or Section 43B, even if deposited after the due date prescribed by the respective welfare Acts.

Charitable institutions are entitled to claim depreciation on assets even when the cost of acquisition has already been treated as an application of income for exemption purposes, as this does not constitute a double deduction.

An educational institution is eligible for exemption under Section 10(23C)(vi) if it exists solely for educational purposes, even if it generates incidental profits. The mere existence of profit does not disqualify an institution from exemption.

A charitable trust can earn income from business activities under Section 11(4A), including incidental businesses, and still claim exemption under Section 11, provided the income is applied towards its charitable objects. Generating a surplus from such activities does not automatically negate the charitable purpose.

Reassessment under Section 148 is valid and does not constitute a mere change of opinion if the original assessment order demonstrates no application of mind to a specific issue, such as the assessability of capital gains or casual income. In such cases, the Assessing Officer is justified in issuing a notice under Section 148 to address the unexamined income escapement.

Educational institutions are not commercial activities, and collecting fees for betterment and growth does not automatically disqualify them from being considered educational. Fees collected for value-added courses, training, or hostel facilities can be eligible for exemption under Section 11 if applied towards the institution's infrastructure.

An institution carrying out charitable objects, such as education or advancement of general public utility, does not lose its Section 11 exemption merely by collecting fees for activities like campus placements or educational guidance, as this does not constitute carrying on a business.

Income received by a trust from sources like extra fees can be taxed at the maximum marginal rate, while other income remains eligible for exemption under Section 11 of the Income Tax Act.

Education encompasses a broad range of activities beyond formal schooling, including systematic training designed to impart knowledge and skills, reflecting the acceptance of new ideas and the development of means to reach recipients. The definition of education should not be confined to a narrow or pedantic sense.

An entity qualifies as an 'educational institution' under Section 10(22) of the Income-tax Act only if it is primarily engaged in imparting education, rather than merely assisting educational bodies or providing scholarships and grants. The focus must be on active educational activities.