Section 194 of the Income Tax Act
The decision most relied on for Section 194 is Hindustan Aluminium Corporation Ltd. v. CIT (144 ITR 474), cited in 119 of the 40 judgments on BharatTax that turn on this section.
Leading authorities on Section 194
The Calcutta High Court held that a lump sum revenue expenditure, which is of a significant amount and provides benefits spread over several years, can be allowed as a deduction proportionately over the period of benefit. This approach prevents distortion of the profits of a single assessment year.
An Income Tax Officer assessing income must determine the assessee's system of accountancy and, for the mercantile system, ascertain when the right to receive the income legally accrued.
Expenditure incurred in respect of abandoned cell towers is an allowable business expenditure under Section 37(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, especially when no new business was being set up by the assessee.
Expenditure incurred for the expansion of an existing business is revenue in nature and allowable as a deduction if it does not create a new asset. Accounting entries in books of accounts do not solely determine the allowability of an expenditure for income tax purposes.
Expenditure is allowable as a deduction if it is incurred wholly and exclusively for the purpose of the assessee's business. This reiterates the view taken in Hindustan Aluminum Corporation Ltd.'s case.
Tax deducted at source (TDS) is a method of collection, not a levy of tax. Credit for TDS can be granted even if the corresponding income is not yet assessable, as long as the assessee follows a consistent method of accounting.
When assessing income under the mercantile system, the Income Tax Officer must determine the accounting system used by the assessee and the date the right to receive income accrued, to ascertain the correct accounting year for inclusion.
A difference between the commercial price and published price of airline tickets is not a special commission or brokerage under section 194H, if the airline has discretion to reduce the published price.
Judgments on Section 194
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