BharatTax.net
SearchITATHigh CourtsSupreme CourtPhrasesAI ResearchHistory

Filters

BharatTax.net

Free search engine for ITAT (Income Tax Appellate Tribunal) judgments across all 28 benches in India.

Quick Links

  • Search Judgments
  • Browse by Bench
  • Recent Judgments

About

BharatTax provides free access to Income Tax Appellate Tribunal orders for legal research and reference.

© 2026 BharatTax.net. All rights reserved.

100 results for “depreciation”+ Deemed Dividendclear

Sorted by relevance

Mumbai937Delhi501Chennai271Bangalore240Kolkata208Ahmedabad100Chandigarh53Raipur39Jaipur37Hyderabad35Pune26Lucknow23Cochin19Karnataka17SC14Surat13Indore13Nagpur10Telangana8Guwahati7Cuttack6Visakhapatnam3Rajkot2Jodhpur2Calcutta2ASHOK BHAN DALVEER BHANDARI1

Key Topics

Section 14A168Section 143(3)94Disallowance79Addition to Income71Section 115J69Depreciation65Deduction59Section 80I40Section 36(1)(viii)33

ANMOL HIMANSHU PATEL LEGAL HEIR OF LATE HIMANSHU RAOJIBHAI PATEL,VADODARA vs. THE ITO, WARD-1(1)(4) NOW PRESENT JURISDICTION THE DY.CIT, CIRCLE-1(1)(1), VADODARA

In the result, the appeal of the assessee stands allowed

ITA 1479/AHD/2025[2015-16]Status: DisposedITAT Ahmedabad09 Dec 2025AY 2015-16

Bench: Shri Sanjay Garg & Shri Narendra Prasad Sinhaआयकर अपील सं /Ita No.1479/Ahd/2025 िनधा"रण वष" /Assessment Year : 2015-16 Anmol Himanshu Patel The Ito बनाम/ (Legal Heir Of Late Himanshu Ward-1(1)(4) V/S. Raojibhai Patel) Now Present Jurisdiction Bs/B-7, Indraprasth Complex The Dy.Cit, Circle-1(1)(1) Nr. Inox Race Course Circle Vadodara – 390 007 Vadodara – 390 007 "थायी लेखा सं./Pan: Acqpp 6460 P (अपीलाथ'/ Appellant) (!( यथ'/ Respondent) Assessee By : Shri Biren Shah, Ar Revenue By : Shri B.P. Srivastava, Sr.Dr सुनवाई की तारीख/Date Of Hearing : 18/09/2025 घोषणा की तारीख /Date Of Pronouncement: 09/12/2025 आदेश/O R D E R Per Sanjay Garg: The Present Appeal Has Been Preferred By The Assessee Against The Order Of The Learned Commissioner Of Income Tax (Appeals), National Faceless Appeal Centre (Nfac), Delhi [Hereinafter Referred To As ‘Cit(A)’] Dated 10/06/2025 Passed U/S.250 Of The Income Tax Act, 1961 (Hereinafter Referred To As ‘The Act’) For The Assessment Year (Ay) 2015-2016. 2. The Assessee, In This Appeal, Has Raised The Following Grounds Of Appeal: Anmol Himanshu Patel (Legal Heir Of Late Himanshu Raojibhai Patel) Vs. Dcit Asst.Year 2015-16. “1. In Law & In The Facts & Circumstances Of The Case Of The Appellant, The Order Passed By The Cit(A) U/S 250 Of The Act Is Bad In Law & Deserves To Be Quashed.

For Appellant: Shri Biren Shah, ARFor Respondent: Shri B.P. Srivastava, Sr.DR
Section 2(22)(e)Section 250

Showing 1–20 of 100 · Page 1 of 5

Section 36(1)27
Section 37(1)26
Business Income20

deemed dividend u/s.2(22)(e) of the Act was not covered in the limited scrutiny assessment in the case of the assessee. The AO did not take permission from the competent authority to cover the said issue or to convert the limited scrutiny into full scrutiny assessment, Anmol Himanshu Patel (Legal Heir of Late Himanshu Raojibhai Patel) vs. DCIT Asst.Year

KESAR BUILDCON PRIVATE LIMITED,BANASKANTHA vs. THE PCIT, AHMEDABAD-3, AHMEDABAD

Accordingly, we set aside the order passed by the PCIT and restore the assessment order passed by the Assessing Officer. The appeal of the assessee is thus allowed

ITA 790/AHD/2025[2021-22]Status: DisposedITAT Ahmedabad08 Sept 2025AY 2021-22

Bench: S/Shri Sanjay Garg & Makarand V.Mahadeokarasstt.Year : 2021-2028 Kesar Buildcon Pvt. Ltd. The Ld.Pr.Cit 1St Floor Shri Kesar Cold Vs. Ahmedabad-3 Storage Plot No.B-2 To 9, Rev Survey No.85/2 Paiki Near Hotel Jyoti Vil Banaskantha. Pan : Aabck 4923 E (Applicant) (Responent) : Shri Hem Chhajed, Ar Assessee By : Shri Rignesh Das, Cit-Dr Revenue By सुनवाई क" तारीख/Date Of Hearing : 03/09/2025 घोषणा क" तारीख /Date Of Pronouncement: 08/09/2025

For Appellant: Shri Rignesh Das, CIT-DR
Section 142(1)Section 143(2)Section 143(3)Section 2(22)(e)Section 263Section 269S

Depreciation, Interest and Taxes) as compared to business turnover.” Pursuant thereto, notices under section 143(2) dated 28.06.2022 and 142(1) dated 11.08.2022, 08.10.2022, 24.11.2022 of the Act were issued to the assessee calling for details in relation to its return of income, profit and loss account, and other supporting documents. 2.2 Despite initial non-compliance, the assessee eventually furnished

SHRI GIRISHBHAI M.PATEL,,AHMEDABAD vs. THE ACIT.,MEHSANA CIRCLE,, MEHSANA

In the result, the appeal filed by the assessee is partly allowed

ITA 337/AHD/2014[2005-06]Status: DisposedITAT Ahmedabad06 May 2022AY 2005-06

Bench: Shri Waseem Ahmed & Ms. Madhumita Royआयकर अपील सं./Ita No. 337/Ahd/2014 िनधा"रण वष"/Asstt. Year: 2005-2006 Girishbhai M. Patel, A.C.I.T., 4, Regent Park, Vs. Mehsana Circle, Vanza Co-Operative Society, Mehsana. Part-Ii, Near Judges Bungalow, Bodakdev, Ahmedabad-380015. Pan: Abypp8093M

For Appellant: Shri Sakar Sharma, A.RFor Respondent: Shri S.S. Shukla, Sr. DR
Section 143(3)Section 147Section 2(22)(e)Section 271Section 271(1)(c)Section 274

Deemed dividend u/s.2(22)(e) of the Act Rs.21,71,160/- (2) Disallowance of interest paid on borrowed Rs.1,13,176/- capital for construction of house (3) Disallowance on depreciation

TECHNODOT ENGINEERS PVT. LTD,GANDHINAGAR vs. THE DCIT, CIRCLE-2(2), AHMEDABAD

Appeals of the assessee are partly allowed for statistical purposes

ITA 93/AHD/2020[2011-12]Status: DisposedITAT Ahmedabad26 Nov 2024AY 2011-12

Bench: Shri Siddhartha Nautiyal & Shri Makarand V. Mahadeokari.T(Ss).A. Nos.147&148/Ahd/2019 (A.Ys.: 2005-06 & 2006-07) Smt. Neelu Sanjay Gupta, Vs. Deputy Commissioner Of L/H. Of Late Shri Sanjay Gupta Income Tax, B-202, Dhananjay Tower, Central Circle-2(2), Anand Nagar Road, Satellite, Ahmedabad Ahmedabad-380015 [Pan No.Adypg0351K] (Appellant) .. (Respondent) I.T(Ss).A. Nos.21 To 23/Ahd/2020 & 15/Ahd/2022 & Ita No. 93/Ahd/2020) (A.Ys.: 2007-08, 2008-09 & 2006-07 & 2010-11 To 2011-12) M/S. Technodot Engineers Ltd., Vs. Deputy Commissioner Of C/O. Cambay Hotel & Resorts, Income Tax, Plot No. 22, 23, 24 Gidc, Central Circle-2(2), Sector-25, Gandhinagar-382010 Ahmedabad [Pan No.Aabct5392A] (Appellant) .. (Respondent)

For Appellant: Shri Tushar Hemani, Sr. Adv. & Shri ParimalFor Respondent: Shri R. N. Dsouza, CIT-DR & Shri Rignesh K
Section 132Section 139(1)Section 142Section 142(1)Section 143(2)Section 153ASection 271(1)(b)

deemed dividends, which had to be included in the taxable income under the relevant provisions of the Income Tax Act. The Assessing Officer also made a disallowance of a deduction under Section 80G, amounting to Rs. 15,000/-. This disallowance was made because the necessary supporting documents for claiming the deduction were either insufficient or not provided. Moreover, unrecorded interest

ANANYA FINANCE FOR INCLUSIVE GROWTH PVT.LTD.,,AHMEDABAD vs. DY.COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX,CIRCLE-1(1)(2),, AHMEDABAD

In the result, the appeal of the assessee is partly allowed

ITA 959/AHD/2016[2011-12]Status: DisposedITAT Ahmedabad25 Aug 2022AY 2011-12

Bench: Smt.Annapurna Gupta & Shri Mahavir Prasadassessment Year : 2011-12 Ananya Finance For Inclusive The Dcit, Cir.1(1)(1) Growth P Ltd. Ambawadi 401, Shaan, Op: M.J. Library Ahmedabad 380015. Ashram Road Ahmedabad 380 009. Pan : Aahca 8023 D

For Respondent: Shri Vijay Kumar Jaiswal, CIT-DR
Section 14ASection 250Section 250(6)

deemed dividend, Section 94 relating to dividend stripping, clubbing of income of minors, are few such provisions where the legislature has enacted specific anti-tax avoidance rules. It is the obligation and duty of the court/tribunal to apply the said provisions in terms of the legislative mandate. When a specific anti-tax avoidance section/rule is invoked, the court

THE ACIT, CIRCLE-2(1)(2),, AHMEDABAD vs. KANSARA POPATLAL TRIBHOVANDAS METAL PVT. LTD.,, AHMEDABAD

In the result, the appeal of the Revenue is dismissed while the Cross

ITA 412/AHD/2018[2012-13]Status: DisposedITAT Ahmedabad31 Aug 2022AY 2012-13

Bench: Shri P.M. Jagtap, Vice- & Shri Siddhartha Nautiyal

For Appellant: Shri M.J. Shah, AR &For Respondent: Shri Shramdeep Sinha, Sr DR
Section 143(2)

dividends. Therefore, a Minimum Alternate Tax was sought to be imposed on `zero tax' Companies. Section 115J of the Act imposes tax on a deemed income. Section 115J of the Act is a special provision relating only to certain Companies. The said section does not make any distinction between public and private limited companies. In our view, Section 115J

THE DCIT, CIRCLE-1(1), NOW CIRCLE-1(1)(1),, BARODA vs. GUJARAT STATE ELECTRICITY CORPORATION LTD.,, BARODA

In the result, the appeal filed by the Assessee in ITA No

ITA 3164/AHD/2015[2011-12]Status: DisposedITAT Ahmedabad19 Dec 2024AY 2011-12

Bench: DR. BRR Kumar (Vice President), Shri T.R. Senthil Kumar (Judicial Member)

Section 115JSection 143(3)Section 28Section 37Section 43(1)

deem it expedient to restore the issue back to the file of AO for examining the issue de novo after verifying facts as may be considered necessary and expedient in accordance with law. The AO shall bear in mind the ratio laid down by the Hon'ble Gujarat High Court in the case of Adani Enterprises Ltd. (supra) while adjudicating

GUJARAT STATE ELECTRICITY CORPORATION LTD.,BARODA vs. THE DY.CIT, CIRCLE-1(1),, BARODA

In the result, the appeal filed by the Assessee in ITA No

ITA 3124/AHD/2015[2011-12]Status: DisposedITAT Ahmedabad19 Dec 2024AY 2011-12

Bench: DR. BRR Kumar (Vice President), Shri T.R. Senthil Kumar (Judicial Member)

Section 115JSection 143(3)Section 28Section 37Section 43(1)

deem it expedient to restore the issue back to the file of AO for examining the issue de novo after verifying facts as may be considered necessary and expedient in accordance with law. The AO shall bear in mind the ratio laid down by the Hon'ble Gujarat High Court in the case of Adani Enterprises Ltd. (supra) while adjudicating

NIRMA LIMITED,AHMEDABAD vs. THE DY CIT, CIRCLE-5,, AHMEDABAD

In the result appeal of the assessee is partly allowed for statistical purposes

ITA 896/AHD/2013[2004-05]Status: DisposedITAT Ahmedabad24 Feb 2022AY 2004-05

Bench: Shri Rajpal Yadav & Shri Waseem Ahmedआयकर अपील सं./Ita No. 1187 & 896/Ahd/2013 िनधा"रण वष"/Asstt. Years: 2000-2001 & 2004-2005 Nirma Limited, A.C.I.T., Nirma House, Vs. Circle-5, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad. Ahmedabad.

For Appellant: Shri S.N. Soparkar, Sr.Advocate with Shri Himanshu Shah, A.RFor Respondent: Shri Mohd Usman, CIT.D.R
Section 234Section 234CSection 271Section 801ASection 80HSection 80ISection 80l

depreciation in respect of these assets is Rs. 15,27,086/-. The facts available on record clearly indicate that the income of lease rent is not derived from the export turnover or this income has not sprung from export turnover. In view of above, I hold that this income has not sprung from the export activities and accordingly the jappellant

THE ACIT, CIRCLE-5,, AHMEDABAD vs. M/S. NIRMA LIMITED,, AHMEDABAD

In the result appeal of the assessee is partly allowed for statistical purposes

ITA 1798/AHD/2015[2004-05]Status: DisposedITAT Ahmedabad24 Feb 2022AY 2004-05

Bench: Shri Rajpal Yadav & Shri Waseem Ahmedआयकर अपील सं./Ita No. 1187 & 896/Ahd/2013 िनधा"रण वष"/Asstt. Years: 2000-2001 & 2004-2005 Nirma Limited, A.C.I.T., Nirma House, Vs. Circle-5, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad. Ahmedabad.

For Appellant: Shri S.N. Soparkar, Sr.Advocate with Shri Himanshu Shah, A.RFor Respondent: Shri Mohd Usman, CIT.D.R
Section 234Section 234CSection 271Section 801ASection 80HSection 80ISection 80l

depreciation in respect of these assets is Rs. 15,27,086/-. The facts available on record clearly indicate that the income of lease rent is not derived from the export turnover or this income has not sprung from export turnover. In view of above, I hold that this income has not sprung from the export activities and accordingly the jappellant

THE ACIT,ANAND CIRCLE,, ANAND vs. NATIONAL DAIRY DEVELOPMENT BOARD, ANAND

In the result, Ground No. 7 of the assessee’s appeal is allowed for statistical purposes

ITA 1873/AHD/2014[2010-11]Status: PendingITAT Ahmedabad17 May 2024AY 2010-11

Bench: Shri Siddhartha Nautiyal & Shri Makarand V. Mahadeokar

For Appellant: Shri Yogesh Shah & Ms. Aparna Parlekr A.RsFor Respondent: Shri Sudhendu Das, CIT DR
Section 14ASection 36(1)(viii)Section 36(1)(xii)

depreciation in respect of other assets, Ld. CIT(A) has not given a categorical findings as to why the lease of assets qualifies as “operating lease” and not as “finance lease”, especially in light of the fact that the Assessing Officer has given a categorical finding that the assets have been given on a long term lease basis, there

NATIONAL DAIRY DEVELOPMENT BOARD,,ANAND vs. THE ASSTT. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX, ANAND CIRCLE,, ANAND

In the result, Ground No. 7 of the assessee’s appeal is allowed for statistical purposes

ITA 2994/AHD/2016[2011-12]Status: DisposedITAT Ahmedabad17 May 2024AY 2011-12

Bench: Shri Siddhartha Nautiyal & Shri Makarand V. Mahadeokar

For Appellant: Shri Yogesh Shah & Ms. Aparna Parlekr A.RsFor Respondent: Shri Sudhendu Das, CIT DR
Section 14ASection 36(1)(viii)Section 36(1)(xii)

depreciation in respect of other assets, Ld. CIT(A) has not given a categorical findings as to why the lease of assets qualifies as “operating lease” and not as “finance lease”, especially in light of the fact that the Assessing Officer has given a categorical finding that the assets have been given on a long term lease basis, there

NATIONAL DAIRY DEVELOPMENT BOARD,,ANAND vs. THE ACIT.,ANAND CIRCLE,, ANAND

In the result, Ground No. 7 of the assessee’s appeal is allowed for statistical purposes

ITA 2004/AHD/2014[2010-11]Status: DisposedITAT Ahmedabad17 May 2024AY 2010-11

Bench: Shri Siddhartha Nautiyal & Shri Makarand V. Mahadeokar

For Appellant: Shri Yogesh Shah & Ms. Aparna Parlekr A.RsFor Respondent: Shri Sudhendu Das, CIT DR
Section 14ASection 36(1)(viii)Section 36(1)(xii)

depreciation in respect of other assets, Ld. CIT(A) has not given a categorical findings as to why the lease of assets qualifies as “operating lease” and not as “finance lease”, especially in light of the fact that the Assessing Officer has given a categorical finding that the assets have been given on a long term lease basis, there

THE DY.COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX.,ANAND CIRCLE,, ANAND vs. NATIONAL DAIRY DEVELOPMENT BOARD, ANAND

In the result, Ground No. 7 of the assessee’s appeal is allowed for statistical purposes

ITA 2954/AHD/2016[2011-12]Status: DisposedITAT Ahmedabad17 May 2024AY 2011-12

Bench: Shri Siddhartha Nautiyal & Shri Makarand V. Mahadeokar

For Appellant: Shri Yogesh Shah & Ms. Aparna Parlekr A.RsFor Respondent: Shri Sudhendu Das, CIT DR
Section 14ASection 36(1)(viii)Section 36(1)(xii)

depreciation in respect of other assets, Ld. CIT(A) has not given a categorical findings as to why the lease of assets qualifies as “operating lease” and not as “finance lease”, especially in light of the fact that the Assessing Officer has given a categorical finding that the assets have been given on a long term lease basis, there

M/S. BODAL CHEMICALS LTD.,AHMEDABAD vs. THE DY.CIT, CIRCLE-1, AHMEDABAD

In the result, the appeals being IT(SS)A No

ITA 318/AHD/2022[2009-10]Status: DisposedITAT Ahmedabad31 Jul 2025AY 2009-10

Bench: Ms. Suchitra Kamble & Shri Narendra Prasad Sinha

For Appellant: Shri S.S. Nagar, ARFor Respondent: Shri Kamlesh Makwana, CIT-DR and Shri B.P. Srivastava, Sr.DR
Section 115JSection 132(1)Section 139(1)Section 139(5)Section 142(1)Section 143(2)Section 143(3)Section 153ASection 153A(1)(a)Section 153A(1)(b)

deem it proper to set aside this issue to the file of the Assessing Officer with a direction to correctly work out the quantum of brought forward business loss and unabsorbed depreciation in accordance with the above referred decision. The AO may allow deduction u/s. 115JB of the Act of the amount of business loss or unabsorbed depreciation, whichever

THE DCIT, CIRCLE-4(1)(1), AHMEDABAD vs. SINTEX INDUSTRIES LTD.,, AHMEDABAD

Appeal of the Revenue is dismissed

ITA 1477/AHD/2019[2015-16]Status: DisposedITAT Ahmedabad25 Mar 2022AY 2015-16
For Appellant: Shri Ajai Pratap Singh, CIT/D.RFor Respondent: Ms. Amrin Pathan, A.R
Section 10(34)Section 115JSection 14ASection 250(6)Section 263

dividend income/exempt income and restrict the disallowance out of interest expenditure equivalent to the exempt income/dividend income." (iii) Decision of Hon'ble ITAT Ahmedabad in case ofChudgarRanchodlalJethalal vs. theDCIT(OSD), Range-1, and l.T.A. No. 245/AHD/2013 dated27-03-2015 "13. Considering the totality of, the facts and in view of the fact that the provisions of Rule 8D are applicable

SHREE RAMA MULTI-TECH LTD.,,AHMEDABAD vs. THE ACIT(OSD) CIRCLE-8, AHMEDABAD

In the result, appeal of the assessee is partly allowed

ITA 1345/AHD/2015[2009-10]Status: DisposedITAT Ahmedabad28 Jan 2022AY 2009-10

Bench: Shri Rajpal Yadav & Shri Waseem Ahmed

Section 143Section 143(3)Section 145ASection 147Section 148Section 43BSection 80I

dividend income of Rs.15,726/'-. Export incentive DEPB of Rs.74,50,143/- and sundry balance o) Rs.2,09.507/- for want of detailed. Since Ld. AR has not pressed these items, therefore same are dismissed as not pressed. As regards to interest income, the claim of assesses is only in respect of netting. 14. Alter hearing Ld.DR we sent back this

SHREE RAMA MULTI-TECH LTD.,,AHMEDABAD vs. THE DY.CIT.,CRCLE-8,, AHMEDABAD

In the result, appeal of the assessee is partly allowed

ITA 722/AHD/2014[2000-01]Status: DisposedITAT Ahmedabad28 Jan 2022AY 2000-01

Bench: Shri Rajpal Yadav & Shri Waseem Ahmed

Section 143Section 143(3)Section 145ASection 147Section 148Section 43BSection 80I

dividend income of Rs.15,726/'-. Export incentive DEPB of Rs.74,50,143/- and sundry balance o) Rs.2,09.507/- for want of detailed. Since Ld. AR has not pressed these items, therefore same are dismissed as not pressed. As regards to interest income, the claim of assesses is only in respect of netting. 14. Alter hearing Ld.DR we sent back this

THE DY. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX, CIRCLE-4(1)(2),, AHMEDABAD vs. TROIKAA PHARMACEUTICLAS LIMITED,, AHMEDABAD

In the result, the CO filed by the assessee is dismissed as infructuous

ITA 939/AHD/2019[2011-12]Status: DisposedITAT Ahmedabad29 Jul 2022AY 2011-12

Bench: Shri Waseem Ahmed & Ms Madhumita Royआयकर अपील सं./Ita Nos. 939 & 1129/Ahd/2019 With C.O.Nos.169 & 181/Ahd/2019 िनधा"रण वष"/Asstt. Years: 2011-2012 & 2012-2013 D.C.I.T., Troikaa Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Circle-4(1)(2), Vs. Commerce House-I, Ahmedabad. Opp. Rajvansh Apartment, Judges Bunglow Road, Ahmedabad-380054. Pan: Aabct0228K

For Appellant: Shri Dhiren Shah, with Shri Karan Shah, A.RsFor Respondent: Shri Alokkumar, CIT.D.R
Section 37Section 37(1)Section 80I

depreciation on electrical installations came before this tribunal in own case of the assessee in ITA No. 2028/Ahd/2013 corresponding to A.Y. 2009-10 where the coordinate bench vide order dated 16-08-2016 decided the issue in favour of the assessee by observing as under: 12. In ground no. 3, the Assessing Officer is aggrieved that the learned

THE DCIT, CIRCLE-4(1)(2), AHMEDABAD vs. TROIKAA PHARMACEUTICALS LTD, AHMEDABAD

In the result, the CO filed by the assessee is dismissed as infructuous

ITA 1129/AHD/2019[2012-13]Status: DisposedITAT Ahmedabad29 Jul 2022AY 2012-13

Bench: Shri Waseem Ahmed & Ms Madhumita Royआयकर अपील सं./Ita Nos. 939 & 1129/Ahd/2019 With C.O.Nos.169 & 181/Ahd/2019 िनधा"रण वष"/Asstt. Years: 2011-2012 & 2012-2013 D.C.I.T., Troikaa Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Circle-4(1)(2), Vs. Commerce House-I, Ahmedabad. Opp. Rajvansh Apartment, Judges Bunglow Road, Ahmedabad-380054. Pan: Aabct0228K

For Appellant: Shri Dhiren Shah, with Shri Karan Shah, A.RsFor Respondent: Shri Alokkumar, CIT.D.R
Section 37Section 37(1)Section 80I

depreciation on electrical installations came before this tribunal in own case of the assessee in ITA No. 2028/Ahd/2013 corresponding to A.Y. 2009-10 where the coordinate bench vide order dated 16-08-2016 decided the issue in favour of the assessee by observing as under: 12. In ground no. 3, the Assessing Officer is aggrieved that the learned