“Section 243(1)”

Income earned from deposits or investments directly and inextricably linked to the acquisition of assets or the setting up of a business project during its construction period is incidental to the asset acquisition, reducing the project cost, or constitutes business receipts eligible for relevant deductions, rather than 'income from other sources'.

Income arising from mutual activities carried out by clubs or associations solely among their members is not assessable for income tax, as it does not constitute income from a trade or business due to the principle of mutuality.

A subsequent amendment cannot impose a new tax burden or liability for a period when such liability did not exist. Therefore, additional tax or penalty cannot be levied for non-disclosure of income made taxable retrospectively by an amendment not in force at the time of the original return.

The Department has a moral and legal obligation to refund excess tax collected from taxpayers, along with interest. An assessee is entitled to interest on the amount of taxes refunded, including interest on interest, as per Section 244A of the Income-tax Act.

Depreciation that is actually allowed as a deduction is considered, not notionally allowed depreciation. The wording of Sections 32 and 34 of the Income-tax Act, 1961, is specific and unambiguous.

Under Section 244A, the "amount due" for a refund includes both the principal tax and the interest accrued thereon up to the date the refund is granted. If the revenue fails to pay the full amount of refund, it is liable to pay further interest on the outstanding balance of this total refund, which does not constitute "interest on interest".

If a notice under section 148(2) is valid, the Assessing Officer can make additions on any grounds that come to notice during reassessment proceedings under section 147, even if the original reasons for the notice no longer survive.

Exemption under section 54 is allowable where the assessee purchased a new property before the extended due date of filing the return as per section 139(4). Section 139(4) is a proviso to section 139(1) providing an extension for filing returns.