“Section 22(4)”
The decision most relied on for Section 22(4) is Berger Paints India Ltd. v. CIT (266 ITR 99), cited in 181 judgments on BharatTax.
Leading authorities on Section 22(4)
The Revenue cannot take a conflicting stand from what it had earlier accepted in a previous assessment year without compelling justification. This principle of consistency applies to various issues, including the treatment of customs duty in closing inventory.
The Revenue is bound by the rule of consistency and cannot adopt a divergent position in a subsequent assessment year unless there is a change in facts or law.
Interest earned from the temporary parking of borrowed funds specifically intended for project development, prior to the commencement of business, constitutes a capital receipt inextricably linked to the project and is not taxable as 'income from other sources'.
A loan or advance from a closely held company to a shareholder is a deemed dividend under Section 2(22)(e) upon receipt, unaffected by subsequent repayment or adjustment.
Income derived from leasing a business asset is considered business income under Section 28 of the Income-tax Act, 1961.
An entity qualifies as an 'educational institution' under Section 10(22) of the Income-tax Act only if it is primarily engaged in imparting education, rather than merely assisting educational bodies or providing scholarships and grants. The focus must be on active educational activities.
The annual value of a self-occupied property, for both wealth tax and income tax purposes, is the reasonable rent expected from a hypothetical tenant. When using municipal ratable value, statutory deductions permissible under municipal law must be added back to arrive at this expected rent.
Establishing and administering educational institutions is not considered a commercial activity, and education is viewed as charity or philanthropy, especially when fees are regulated. However, if institutions collect money beyond prescribed fees, it constitutes capitation fees, leading to legal consequences.